1、2012年南京大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案解析(总分：54.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、区分题(总题数：4，分数：8.00)1.Distinguish the following pairs of terms. Clarify the differences with appropriate examples. metaphor vs. metonymy（分数：2.00）_2.generalized conversational implicature vs. particularized conversational implicature（分数：2.00）_3.coordina
2、tion vs. subordination（分数：2.00）_4.inflectional morpheme vs. derivational morpheme（分数：2.00）_二、单项选择题(总题数：12，分数：24.00)5.For each group of items in the following,point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest and explain the reason in ONE sentence.(24/150)（分数：2.00）A.repub l icB.c
3、onso l ationC.mu l tipleD.p l umberFocus on the pronunciation of “l“A.recko nB.recog n itionC.rethi n kingD.resig n ationFocus on the pronunciation of “n“A.a s pirationB.bu s inessC.ari s enD.re s ilienceFocus on the pronunciation of “s“A.admirableB.advertisingC.adamantD.addictiveFocus on the locati
4、on of the stressA./w/B./n/C./m/D./b/Focus on the classification of consonantsA.peddleB.editC.resurrectD.realizeFocus on the device of word formationA.misplaceB.empowerC.unbuttonD.displeaseFocus on the type of affixA.howeverB.thereforeC.whereasD.neverthelessFocus on word typesA.mother/fatherB.fairly/
5、ratherC.top/bottomD.local/globalFocus on the type of semantic relationA.cabin/aircraftB.lens/glassesC.mouse/computerD.entrance/parkFocus on myronymyA.weB.itC.nowD.hereFocus on deixisA.Honesty MaximB.Approbation MaximC.Agreement MaximD.Sympathy MaximFocus on Leech“s Politeness Principle三、分析题(总题数：6，分数
6、：12.00)17.Use the method of binary cutting(as used in the IC Analysis)to analyze the morphological or syntactic structure of the following.(12/150)representational(4/150)（分数：2.00）_18.What happened next was astonishing to all present at the meeting.(8/150)（分数：2.00）_19.Analyze the following sentences
7、as required.(20/150) The door was knocked open by a young man with a brick .(Analyze the underlined parts of the sentence in terms of semantic roles and discuss how this sentence differs from“ The young man knocked the door open with a brick“.)（分数：2.00）_20.On daily occasions, noise can be a big head
8、ache.(Discuss the conceptual metaphor used in this sentence and supply a sentence with a metaphor of the same type. Then, think of another possible conceptual metaphor for NOISE.)（分数：2.00）_21.A smile on your face will make your appearance more welcome.(Rewrite the sentence with “you“ as the subject.
9、 Discuss the difference(s)between the original sentence and the new one.)（分数：2.00）_22.If yon waste time today , you will repent tomorrow .(Are the underlined words in the sentence deictic in this context? Why yes(or why not)?)（分数：2.00）_四、简答题(总题数：5，分数：10.00)23.What are the four conditions that the pe
10、rformance of speech acts is supposed to satisfy if it is to be felicitous? Discuss how the following two instances of speech act performance may “deviate“from the rules or conditions.(20/150)(1)Thank for not smoking.(used as a public sign)(2)I really appreciate your effort to share my secret with my
11、 enemy!（分数：2.00）_24.By definition,tautology like“Business is business“involves meaningless repetition. However, we do often find the use of it in real-life communication. Can yon think of two more examples and discuss the possible contexts in which they might be heard? What do their users intend to
12、convey? How are the tautological ways of saying different from their non-tautological equivalents?(22/150)（分数：2.00）_25.Read the following poem carefully. What syntactic deviations are employed in it? What stylistic effect might result from the deviations? What cohesive devices are used? Who does “th
13、ou“refer to? How effective is its use?(16/150)My friendEmily Dickinson My friend must be a BirdBecause it flies! Mortal,my friend must be,Because it dies“.Barbs has it, like a Bee!Ah, curious friend!Thou puzzlest me!（分数：2.00）_26.Second language(L2)learners may correct themselves from time to time du
14、ring their L2 oral production. Listed below are some instances of self-correction(or self-repair)in L2 speeches. Each instance is followed by the speaker“s own retrospective account of the reason for the repair. Study these instances and fulfill the following tasks.(16/150) Task 1)Categorize these s
15、elf-correction instances into some meaningful types. Name each type,briefly define it, and specify the instances that belong to it. For example, there are some instances(2,6,and 9)that exemplify Error Repairs as a type of self-repairs: Error Repairs: The L2 speakers correct themselves when they real
16、ize that they have made(or are making)language errors. Instance 2; The speaker corrects a phonological error. 1. Uhm well there“s a big dining table for forty person. And then we“ve also got er well it“s well the dining table occupies half of the room. Retrospection: I thought, I did not tell you fi
17、rst how big the room was, so I said that the dining table occupies half of the room,and then I said what I originally wanted to say. 2. We could arrange er more smaller tabiateibi*tableteib*l if you would like that better. Retrospection; I mispronounced the word“ table,“ and I corrected it. 3. There
18、 are very wide choice of er main courses er er steak er er several kinds of steak. Retrospection: I wanted to say it more precisely that we do not only have one kind of steak but several kinds of steak. 4. You have to we have to make a contract. Retrospection: I realized that it is stupid to say tha
19、t you have to make a contract, it“s up to us to do it. 5. In this urn in this part of the town er there are many vegetarians. Er this is because the university is here and vegetarians like it er like this restaurant . Retrospection: I noticed that“ it“ could also mean the university, so I wanted to
20、make it clear that it is the restaurant that the vegetarians like and not the university. 6. Will er have to pay er five er sorry er twenty-five percent. Retrospection; Here I said “five “instead of“ twenty-five “accidentally. 7. It doesn“t it“s not a problem. Retrospection: First I wanted to say “i
21、t does not matter“ but I realized that in a business deal you cannot say“ it does not matter. “ 8. Thirty-five per. people . Retrospection: First I wanted to say “ persons“ but I had used “ persons “ several times before,so I said“people. “ 9. I think it a very nice it“s a very nice Retrospection: I
22、 left out “is, “and I corrected it. 10. Uhm our fish fish meals er foods are very good too. Retrospection: I corrected“fish meals“for“fish food“ because I was not sure you can say “fish meals“and“fish foods“sounded a bit better. 11. We have some er er v . maybe you have vegetarians in your group. Re
23、trospection; Here the idea of vegetarians suddenly popped up, and I abandoned what I was going to say because I would not have been able to list any more types of food anyway.（分数：2.00）_27.Task 2)Analyze these self-correction instances and answer the following two questions: What feature can the self
24、-correction phenomenon reveal about the process of L2 speech production? How does it influence L2 oral production?（分数：2.00）_2012年南京大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案解析(总分：54.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、区分题(总题数：4，分数：8.00)1.Distinguish the following pairs of terms. Clarify the differences with appropriate examples. metaphor vs. m
25、etonymy（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Metaphor involves the comparison of two concepts in that one is constructed in terms of the other, and it is often described in terms of a target domain and a source domain. Metonymy is a figure of speech in which one word is substituted for another on the basis of some m
26、aterial, causal, or conceptual relation. As for the following two sentences, the former is a metaphor while the latter is a metonymy. (1) My love is a red rose.(2)I have got a new set of wheels.(It can be a car,a motorcycle and so on.)解析：解析：(考查隐喻和转喻)2.generalized conversational implicature vs. parti
27、cularized conversational implicature（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Conversational implicature can be divided into two kinds; the generalized and the particularized. A generalized conversational implicature refers to the implicature that is usually carried within the utterance produced by the speaker on the ba
28、sis of observance of a certain maxim. It is obtained by assuming that the speaker“s utterance of a particular sentence will generally carry some implicature. For example, A asks whether B has invited Tom and Jerry to the party, and B answered that he didn“t invite Jerry. We can infer from the conver
29、sation that B has invited Tom although B didn“t say it explicitly. As for the particularized conversational implicature, it is generated in a conversation by overly and deliberately violating some sub-maxims for communicative purposes and it is the inference dependent on particular time,place and pe
30、ople. For example,A suggests that they should get something for the kids,and B“s response is “Okay, but I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M. “ This violation of manner indicates that B does not want their kids to understand what they are talking about. It is possible that their kids are able to understand the me
31、aning of ice-cream quite well, but at the same time have no idea about the spelling of the word.)解析：解析：(考查一般对话含义和特殊对话含义)3.coordination vs. subordination（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Coordination and subordination refer to relationships between different elements. Coordination gives equal attention to two ele
32、ments. Coordinating conjunctions are used to indicate this relationship, such as “and“ ,“but“and “for“. For example, “He is a teacher and I am a student. “ As for subordination,it gives less attention to one element so that the other element is emphasized. Subordinate conjunctions are used to indica
33、te this relationship,such as “because“ ,“even though“and “when“. For example, “He is a teacher when I am a student. “ In this sentence,“ when“ serves as a conjunction to start a subordinated clause which indicates the time of the occurrence of the main clause.)解析：解析：(考查并列关系和主从关系)4.inflectional morph
34、eme vs. derivational morpheme（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Inflectional morphemes manifest various aspects of the grammatical function of a word without changing its grammatical category. They can be used to indicate case and number of nouns, tense and aspect of verbs, and degree of adjectives and adverbs. F
35、or example, both “hard“ and “harder“ are adjectives. The inflectional morpheme“-er“simply indicates a comparative degree. Derivational morphemes are bound morphemes added to existing forms to construct new words. Derivational morphemes are productive but they do not represent any syntactical relatio
36、n or grammatical categories. For example, the addition of the derivational morpheme“ -ness“ changes the adjective“ happy“ to the noun“ happiness“ ,and the addition of “-hood“changes“brother“into“brotherhood“ ,a change in meaning without altering the part of speech.)解析：解析：(考查屈折语素和派生语素)二、单项选择题(总题数：12，
37、分数：24.00)5.For each group of items in the following,point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest and explain the reason in ONE sentence.(24/150)（分数：2.00）A.repub l icB.conso l ationC.mu l tiple D.p l umberFocus on the pronunciation of “l“解析：解析：(考查宽式标音和严式标音) Different from th
38、e /l/ in former three words, the /l/ in “multiple“ is a velarization.A.recko nB.recog n itionC.rethi n king D.resig n ationFocus on the pronunciation of “n“解析：解析：(考查字母 n的发音) The letter “n“ is pronounced as /n/ in rethinking, but in the other three cases, the pronunciation is /n/.A.a s piration B.bu
39、s inessC.ari s enD.re s ilienceFocus on the pronunciation of “s“解析：解析：(考查字母 s的发音) The letter “s“ in “aspiration“ is pronounced as /s/, but in the other three cases, it is pronounced as /z/.A.admirableB.advertisingC.adamantD.addictiveFocus on the location of the stress 解析：解析：(考查重音的位置) The stress in“
40、addictive“ is located in the second syllable, but in the other three cases, the stress is located in the first syllable.A./w/B./n/ C./m/D./b/Focus on the classification of consonants解析：解析：(考查辅音的分类) /w/, /m/and /b/ can be classified as bilabial consonant, but /n/ is an alveolar consonant.A.peddleB.ed
41、itC.resurrectD.realizeFocus on the device of word formation 解析：解析：(考查逆构词法) Back formation is used in the first three words. Back formation refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is deviced by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language.A.misplaceB
42、.empower C.unbuttonD.displeaseFocus on the type of affix解析：解析：(考查词缀的分类) The affixes of “mis“ ,“un“ and “chV“all share a negative indication.A.howeverB.thereforeC.whereas D.neverthelessFocus on word types解析：解析：(考查词性的划分) “However“ /“therefore“ and “nevertheless “are all ad verbs, but “whereas “is a co
43、njunction.A.mother/fatherB.fairly/rather C.top/bottomD.local/globalFocus on the type of semantic relation解析：解析：(考查近义关系和反义关系) “Fairly“ and “ rather“ are synonyms, while the other three pairs are in the semantic relation of antonymy.A.cabin/aircraftB.lens/glasses C.mouse/computerD.entrance/parkFocus o
44、n myronymy解析：解析：(考查整体和部分的关系) Lens/glasses are not in a semantic relation of myronymy, and lens serves as a specific kind of glasses rather than a part of glasses.A.weB.it C.nowD.hereFocus on deixis解析：解析：(考查指示语) “We“is a person deixis,“now“ is a time deixis and “here“ is a place deixis.A.Honesty Maxim B.Approbation MaximC.Agreement MaximD
