1、北京师范大学英语语言学真题 2003 年及答案解析(总分：150.00，做题时间：90 分钟)Explain the following terms:（分数：20.00）(1).duality as a design feature of language（分数：4.00）_(2).synchronic vs. diachronic perspective (of language)（分数：4.00）_(3).distinctive features of speech sounds（分数：4.00）_(4).semantic field（分数：4.00）_(5).cooperative pr
2、inciple（分数：4.00）_Describe the following sounds:（分数：5.00）(1)./d/（分数：1.00）_(2)./v/（分数：1.00）_(3)./ ? /（分数：1.00）_(4)./ ? /（分数：1.00）_(5)./a: /（分数：1.00）_1.Explain and comment on the following pair of sentences a and b: a. John is easy to please. b. John is eager to please. （分数：10.00）_2.There are two kinds
3、 of grammar based on different linguistic points of view. They are prescriptive grammar and descriptive grammar. A grammar may describe how language is actually spoken and/or written, and may not state or postulate how it ought to be spoken or written. But a grammar may also state the rules for what
4、 is considered the best or most correct usage. Which grammar is descriptive grammar, and which grammar is prescriptive grammar? Cite some examples to give your reasons. （分数：15.00）_3.What are the principal differences between sentence meaning and speaker meaning? （分数：15.00）_4.Analyze the grammatical
5、structure of the following sentence to illustrate its possible meanings: I saw him on the bus. （分数：15.00）_5.Some people say that the Chinese particle expresses the completion of an action. Is that true? How would you explain its meaning in the following sentences: 天气冷起来了。 要下雪了。 我走了，再见。 （分数：10.00）_6.
6、Study the following cases, and identify at least two groups whose (smallest) items are in syntagmatic relation, and at least another two groups whose (smallest) items are in paradigmatic relation. (You can give more than two groups.) /pa: t/, /bi: t/, /ha: d/, /mi: t/, /si: t/, /b ? : t/, /ka: t/, /
7、pa: s/, /pi: s/, /bi: z/,/ha: t/, /bi: d/ （分数：20.00）_7.Put the following words in a hierarchical order (you can use a tree diagram if need be) and try to define at least two of them: crocodile, mammal, reptile, rabbit, primate, animal （分数：15.00）_8.What contribution has linguistics made to the Teachi
8、ng of English as a Foreign Language? （分数：10.00）_9.What are the major criteria for good language tests? Please explain with examples. （分数：5.00）_10.List three major English Language Teaching Methodologies you know. Which do you like best? Please give your reasons. （分数：10.00）_北京师范大学英语语言学真题 2003 年答案解析(总
9、分：150.00，做题时间：90 分钟)Explain the following terms:（分数：20.00）(1).duality as a design feature of language（分数：4.00）_正确答案：()解析：Duality refers to the fact that in all languages so far investigated there are two levels of structures or patterning. At the first, higher level, language is analyzed in terms of
10、 combinations of meaningful units (such as morphemes, words etc.); at the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning. For example, a syllable is the smallest unit that is normally spoken by itself, and sc
11、ores of syllables become the carriers of hundreds of meaningful segments of words that are called morphemes.(2).synchronic vs. diachronic perspective (of language)（分数：4.00）_正确答案：()解析：A synchronic description takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present) as its point of observatio
12、n, and it describes a language at some point of time, as if it stopped developing. In contrast, diachronic description is the study of a language through the course of its history; therefore, it is also called historical linguistics.(3).distinctive features of speech sounds（分数：4.00）_正确答案：()解析：The di
13、stinctive feature refers to a property which distinguishes one phoneme from another. For example, “voicing“ is a distinctive feature, since it plays an important role in distinguishing obstruents in English.(4).semantic field（分数：4.00）_正确答案：()解析：Semantic field is sometimes also called lexical field.
14、It refers to an organizational principle that the lexicon and groups of words in the lexicon can be semantically related in such a way that they are from the same area of knowledge or interest; and there is a meaning inclusion relation between the items in the field and the field category itself. Fo
15、r example, the semantic field of agriculture includes: farm, farming, tractor, meadow, crop, and so on.(5).cooperative principle（分数：4.00）_正确答案：()解析：Cooperative principle was proposed and formulated by Grice. It expresses that in making a conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to
16、 cooperate; otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk. It goes like this: “make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged“. This principle can be fu
17、rther specified as the four following maxims: Quantity, Quality, Relation; Manner.Describe the following sounds:（分数：5.00）(1)./d/（分数：1.00）_正确答案：()解析：/d/ voiced alveolar stop(2)./v/（分数：1.00）_正确答案：()解析：/v/ voiced labiodental fricative(3)./ ? /（分数：1.00）_正确答案：()解析：/ ? / voiced velar nasal(4)./ ? /（分数：1.0
18、0）_正确答案：()解析：/ ? / central lax unrounded vowel(5)./a: /（分数：1.00）_正确答案：()解析：/a:/ low back tense unfounded vowel1.Explain and comment on the following pair of sentences a and b: a. John is easy to please. b. John is eager to please. （分数：10.00）_正确答案：()解析：In terms of surface structure, these two sentenc
19、es are similar. However, they are indeed quite different, as far as the deep structure is concerned. In the first sentence, the logical relationship represented by the deep structure should be that “John“ functions as the direct object of the verb “to please“; thus, the meaning can be interpreted as
20、: it is easy for others to please John. Nevertheless, in the second sentence, the case should be that “John“ functions as the subject of the verb “to please“; with the whole sentence meaning: John is eager that he pleases others. It cannot be interpreted like the first one, such as “it is eager to p
21、lease John“, because concerning the semantic components of the adjective “eager“, its subject should be a noun or a pronoun which refers to a being that is animate.2.There are two kinds of grammar based on different linguistic points of view. They are prescriptive grammar and descriptive grammar. A
22、grammar may describe how language is actually spoken and/or written, and may not state or postulate how it ought to be spoken or written. But a grammar may also state the rules for what is considered the best or most correct usage. Which grammar is descriptive grammar, and which grammar is prescript
23、ive grammar? Cite some examples to give your reasons. （分数：15.00）_正确答案：()解析：The first one is typical of descriptive grammar, while the second one is prescriptive grammar. The descriptive grammar aims to describe how people speak and detail the underlying knowledge. It is believed in descriptive gramm
24、ar that whatever occurs in natural speech, such as hesitation, incomplete utterance, should be described in the analysis, and not be marked as incorrect, abnormal, or corrupt; modern linguistics is mostly descriptive. Whereas, the prescriptive approach aims to teach people how to speak, read, and wr
25、ite a particular language; in the 18th century, all the main European languages were studied prescriptively. For example, the statement that “in standard English, a double negative is rarely used“ is a description, showing how the language is used in standard English, regardless whether it is correc
26、t or not. “You should never use a double-negative“ is a typical grammar rule that prescribes what should be grammatically correct in the Standard English. As for the spelling, prescription says “judgment“ is correct, but description accurately points out that “judgement“ is considered by Edited Engl
27、ish to be correct too, and a descriptive account for these two different spellings will show how the later one is used and who uses it.3.What are the principal differences between sentence meaning and speaker meaning? （分数：15.00）_正确答案：()解析：The sentence meaning is usually directly predictable from the
28、 grammatical and lexical features of the sentence. It is often studied as the abstract, intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of predication; therefore, it is abstract and de-contextualized. A sentence becomes an utterance when it is actually uttered by people in the course of communica
29、tion, and an utterance should be considered in the situation in which it is actually uttered or used. The speaker meaning, also called the utterance meaning, is the meaning a speaker conveys by using a particular utterance in a particular context of situation. It is based on sentence meaning, and is
30、 the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication or simply in a context; utterance meaning is richer than sentence meaning; it is identical with the purpose for which the speaker utters the sentence. Therefore, it is concrete and context-dependent. Take the
31、 sentence “My bag is heavy“ as an example. Semantic analysis of the meaning of the sentence results in the one-place predication BAG ( BEING HEAVY). Then a pragmatic analysis of the utterance will reveal what the speaker intends to do with it. How it is to be understood depends on the context in whi
32、ch it is uttered and the purpose for which the speaker utters it.4.Analyze the grammatical structure of the following sentence to illustrate its possible meanings: I saw him on the bus. （分数：15.00）_正确答案：()解析：There are two possible meanings in respect of this sentence. One possible interpretation of i
33、ts grammatical structure is illustrated like this: (S I (VP saw (NP him (PP on the bus). This shows it meaning as: when I saw him, he was on the bus. Another possible grammatical structure could be illustrated in this way: (S I (VP saw him (PP on the bus). This makes the meaning clear that when I wa
34、s on the bus I saw him.5.Some people say that the Chinese particle expresses the completion of an action. Is that true? How would you explain its meaning in the following sentences: 天气冷起来了。 要下雪了。 我走了，再见。 （分数：10.00）_正确答案：()解析：It is inappropriate to assert that the Chinese particle expresses the compl
35、etion of an action. The particle le does sometimes have such a meaning, but that is all because of its function as a marker of the changing of a certain condition. The particle in these four sentences shares such a common semantic feature that it illustrates the changing, either of time, of action,
36、or of condition. In the first sentence, the particle helps transfer the information that the reader the weather is getting cold, which means it was hot or not so cold in the previous time. In the second sentence, with the combination of yao, the particle expresses an action which is about to happen
37、in the near future, and shows the change of the weather, or of the condition. As to the third sentence, although it is clear that at the moment of speaking the speaker is actually not away, yet the particle conveys a tendency of the change of an action. Lastly, in the fourth sentence, the particle l
38、e also implicates the gradual process from lightness to darkness, which is also the evidence for its role as a condition-changing marker.6.Study the following cases, and identify at least two groups whose (smallest) items are in syntagmatic relation, and at least another two groups whose (smallest)
39、items are in paradigmatic relation. (You can give more than two groups.) /pa: t/, /bi: t/, /ha: d/, /mi: t/, /si: t/, /b ? : t/, /ka: t/, /pa: s/, /pi: s/, /bi: z/,/ha: t/, /bi: d/ （分数：20.00）_正确答案：()解析：The phonemes /a: / and /t /as in/pa : t/, /ka: t/ and /ha: t /are in syntagmatic relation. The phonemes /i: / and /t /as in /bi: t/, /si: t/ and /mi: t/ are also in synt
