1、吉林大学考博英语 2012 年真题及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Vocabulary an(总题数：30，分数：30.00)1.Language, culture, and personality may be considered _ of each other in thought, but they are inseparable in fact.（分数：1.00）A.indistinctB.separateC.irrelevantD.independent2.The work was done in the _ of reforms in the
2、economic, social and cultural spheres.（分数：1.00）A.contextB.contestC.pretextD.texture3.The dean tried to retain control of the situation on campus, but his attempt was _ by the board of trustees.（分数：1.00）A.approvedB.frustratedC.disclosedD.justified4.Some journalists are fond of overstating the situati
3、on so that their news may create a great _.（分数：1.00）A.explosionB.sensationC.exaggeratingD.stimulation5.There was little, if any, evidence to substantiate the gossip and, _ there was little to disprove it.（分数：1.00）A.by the same tokenB.under the same conditionC.at the same stageD.for the same purpose6
4、.Every chemical change either results from energy being used to produce the change, or causes energy to be _ in some form.（分数：1.00）A.given offB.put outC.set offD.used up7.The United Nations Conferences on the Law of the sea would soon produce an ocean-mining treaty following its _ declaration in 197
5、0 that oceans were the heritage of mankind.（分数：1.00）A.unanimousB.abstractC.autonomousD.almighty8.This growth in the _ of diabetes is due, in part, to an increase in obesity.（分数：1.00）A.inferenceB.incidenceC.regulationD.repetition9.Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around $110 billion, _ the $
6、160 billion the President is struggling to get through the Congress.（分数：1.00）A.in proportion toB.in reply toC.in relation toD.in contrast to10.France“s _ of nuclear testing in the South Pacific last month triggered political debates and mass demonstrations.（分数：1.00）A.assumptionB.consumptionC.presump
7、tionD.resumption11.The _ of a cultural phenomenon is usually a logical consequence of some physical aspect in the life style of the people.（分数：1.00）A.implementationB.demonstrationC.manifestationD.expedition12.Reading _ the mind only with materials of knowledge, it is thinking that makes what we read
8、 ours.（分数：1.00）A.rectifiesB.prolongsC.minimizesD.furnishes13.Previous studies provoked _ because they used patients whose diagnosis was questionable.（分数：1.00）A.contributionB.contractionC.controversyD.convergence14.Although the model looks good on the surface, it will not bear close _.（分数：1.00）A.temp
9、eramentB.contaminationC.scrutinyD.symmetry15.I never said anything like that at all. You are purposely _ my ideas to prove your points.（分数：1.00）A.revisingB.contradictingC.distortingD.distracting16.To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, companies must _ the qualities and varie
10、ties of their products to the world-market demand.（分数：1.00）A.forfeitB.enhanceC.guaranteeD.gear17.I was unaware of the critical points involved, so my choice was quite _.（分数：1.00）A.arbitraryB.rationalC.mechanicalD.unpredictable18.An important property of a scientific theory is its ability to _ furthe
11、r research and further thinking about a particular topic.（分数：1.00）A.stimulateB.renovateC.arouseD.advocate19.All the off-shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read _ letters from their families.（分数：1.00）A.affectionateB.sentimentalC.intimateD.sensitive20.Whoever formulated the theory of the
12、 origin of the universe, it is just _ and needs proving.（分数：1.00）A.spontaneousB.hypotheticalC.intuitiveD.empirical21.The ceremony will _ as soon as the president arrives.（分数：1.00）A.commendB.complyC.confrontD.commence22.The barbarous aggressors grew more and more _ in slaughtering people and burning
13、down their houses.（分数：1.00）A.amorphousB.ferociousC.audaciousD.egregious23.Some of the words employed by Shakespeare in his works have become _ and are no longer used in the present days.（分数：1.00）A.obsoleteB.obsceneC.obviousD.oblique24.Because of the economic slowdown, the government changed its poli
14、cy to _ revenue by limiting commerce.（分数：1.00）A.disregardB.challengeC.diminishD.reject25.The spectators in the stadium cheered up when they saw hundreds of colorful balloons _ slowly into the sky.（分数：1.00）A.descendingB.ascendingC.escalatingD.elevating26.An increasing proportion of our population, un
15、able to live without advanced medical _, will become progressively more reliant on expensive technology.（分数：1.00）A.interferenceB.interruptionC.interventionD.interaction27.Several international events in the early 1990s seem likely to _, or at least weaken, the trends that emerged in the 1980s.（分数：1.
16、00）A.revoltB.revolveC.reverseD.revive28.Foreign disinvestment and the _ of South Africa from world capital markets after 1985 further weakened its economy.（分数：1.00）A.displacementB.eliminationC.exclusionD.exception29.We are moving towards a more _ and cooperative society, which is getting better and
17、better.（分数：1.00）A.fraternalB.emotionalC.accidentalD.illegal30.The students were _ about who their new teacher would be when the bell rang for their first class in the new semester.（分数：1.00）A.foreseeingB.speculatingC.fabricatingD.pondering二、Part Cloze(总题数：1，分数：10.00)New research from Australia suppor
18、ts the belief that many pet owners haveit shows that pets are good for your health. The 1 of this new study suggest that people who have pets are 2 less risk from heart disease than 3 who do not. Ironically this 4 study on pets was intended to 5 the myth that pets are good for your health. Earlier r
19、esearch 6 the benefits of owning pets received a lot of 7 , but the results were not good enough to 8 the more skeptical doctors. The new research was carried 9 over three years and examined 6000 people, the largest group yet involved in 10 a study. They took tests that measured a 11 of different fa
20、ctors known to be 12 in heart disease 13 and blood levels of cholesterol (胆固醇) and triglyceride (甘油三酸酯). 14 , people were asked about their lifestyles. The 800 people who owned pets had 15 levels on each of the factors 16 than those who did not own pets. The differences were even greater than those
21、found in similar studies on people who 17 to vegetarian diets or took 18 exercise. The study also showed that it did not matter 19 kind of pet was owneda cat was as good as a dogso the benefits could not be attributed 20 the exercise involved in walking a dog.（分数：10.00）A.findingsB.conclusionsC.indic
22、ationsD.signsA.inB.onC.atD.ofA.othersB.onesC.theseD.thoseA.lateB.laterC.latterD.latestA.exploreB.explodeC.exploitD.expressA.aboutB.inC.onD.ofA.publicityB.publicC.publicanD.publicationA.consultB.convertC.convictD.convinceA.onB.outC.throughD.forA.soB.suchC.howD.whatA.kindB.sortC.varietyD.differenceA.i
23、ncludingB.involvingC.includedD.involvedA.blood pressureB.pressureC.indigestionD.high feverA.HoweverB.AlsoC.ThereforeD.SoA.similarB.sameC.lowerD.fewerA.calculatedB.testedC.mentionedD.measuredA.switchedB.shutC.ateD.directedA.inB.outC.upD.overA.whatB.whichCaD.theA.throughB.toC.byD.for三、Part Reading Com
24、pr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：10.00)When a disease of epidemic proportions rips into the populace, scientists immediately get to work, trying to locate the source of the affliction and find ways to combat it. Oftentimes, success is achieved, as medical science is able to isolate the parasi
25、te, germ or cell that causes the problem and finds ways to effectively kill or contain it. In the most serious of cases, in which the entire population of a region or country may be at grave risk, it is deemed necessary to protect the entire population through vaccination, so as to safeguard lives a
26、nd ensure that the disease will not spread. The process of vaccination allows the patient“s body to develop immunity to the virus or disease so that, if it is encountered, one can fight it off naturally. To accomplish this, a small weak or dead strain of the disease is actually injected into the pat
27、ient in a controlled environment, so that his body“s immune system can learn to fight the invader properly. Information on how to penetrate the disease“s defenses is transmitted to all elements of the patient“s immune system in a process that occurs naturally, in which genetic information is passed
28、from cell to cell. This makes sure that, should the patient later come into contact with the real problem, his body is well equipped and trained to deal with it, having already done so before. There are dangers inherent in the process, however. On occasion, even the weakened version of the disease c
29、ontained in the vaccine proves too much for the body to handle, resulting in the immune system succumbing, and, therefore, the patient“s death. Such is the case of the smallpox vaccine, designed to eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly wiped out the entire Native American population and killed
30、 massive numbers of settlers. Approximately 1 in 10,000 people who receives the vaccine contract the smallpox disease from the vaccine itself and dies from it. Thus, if the entire population of the United States were to receive the Smallpox Vaccine today, 3000 Americans would be left dead. Fortunate
31、ly, the smallpox virus was considered eradicated in the early 1970“s, ending the mandatory vaccination of all babies in America. In the event of a re-introduction of the disease, however, mandatory vaccinations may resume, resulting in more unexpected deaths from vaccination. The process, which is t
32、ruly a blessing, may indeed hide some hidden cures.（分数：10.00）(1).How do vaccines protect humans from diseases according to Paragraph Two?（分数：2.00）A.By training the immune system to fight weaker versions of the diseaseB.By passing information on how to fight the disease to the immune systemC.By weake
33、ning the disease so that the immune system can defeat itD.Introducing the disease to the body, so that survivors have already fought it(2).What does the example of the smallpox vaccine illustrate?（分数：2.00）A.The way that vaccines protect people from diseasesB.The effectiveness of vaccines in eradicat
34、ing certain diseasesC.The practical use of a vaccine to control an epidemic diseaseD.The possible negative outcome of administering vaccines(3).The author argues that vaccinations are both a blessing and a curse because _.（分数：2.00）A.saving the many would not necessarily justify the death of the fewB
35、.some vaccines, such as the smallpox vaccine, have negative side effectsC.they don“t always workD.while many lives are saved, some are actually killed by the vaccine(4).The best title for the passage would be _.（分数：2.00）A.“The Smallpox Vaccine: An Analysis“B.“How Vaccines Work“C.“Vaccines: Methods a
36、nd Implications“D.“A Warning on the Negative Side Effects of Vaccines“(5).The main purpose of the passage is to _.（分数：2.00）A.convince the reader that vaccines are not as safe as many thinkB.educate the reader on how vaccines are used and some of their dangersC.educate the reader on the circumstances
37、 that would necessitate widespread vaccinationsD.present the method by which vaccines are used through the case of the smallpox vaccine五、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Few natural dangers are more feared than avalanches. Avalanches are a familiar part of European history. Particularly in the Swiss and F
38、rench Alps. This is where the direction of wars has turned almost instantly because of avalanches wiping out invading armies. In North America, avalanches are limited almost entirely to the Rocky Mountains and the lower ranges to the west, the Sierra Nevadas and the Cascades. Avalanches have occurre
39、d in the mountains of New England but not with the regularity and intensity seen in the western mountains. Several methods are used in explaining and predicting avalanches. Scientists are learning about them using research methods. So many of the factors that create avalanches are hidden beneath the
40、 snow“s surface that predictions are still largely guesswork. Therefore, winter travelers must assume the worst of conditions when they traverse the slopes. An avalanche occurs when a given amount of snow becomes too heavy for whatever is holding it in place. It then breaks loose and slides downhill
41、. Avalanches are divided into two general categories, loose snow and slab. A loose snow avalanche usually starts at a single point, such as a skier“s track, and spreads out like a fan or a pyramid in a chain reaction. One crystal breaks another free, which multiples as the loose snow moves downhill.
42、 Sometimes these avalanches stop after only a few feet. Sometimes they move thousands of tons of snow downhill in speeds up to 300 miles per hour. This creates a shock wave that can flatten parts of a forest that are not even touched by the actual avalanche. Stab avalanches are those that have a wid
43、e area of snow which breaks loose in a large piece. These can range in size from just a few square feel to thousands of square feet of snow. The most dangerous and common type of avalanche for skiers is the so-called “soft slab“ avalanche. This type occurs most often during, or just after a heavy sn
44、owfall. The snow hasn“t yet had a chance to settle and adhere to the existing snow. The heavier and the wetter the snow and the colder the temperature, the less likely the new snow will form a bond with the existing snow.（分数：10.00）(1).What would be the best title for this passage?（分数：2.00）A.Avalanch
45、esB.The History of AvalanchesC.Skiers BewareD.Avalanches Can Kill(2).According to the passage, how did avalanches affect wars?（分数：2.00）A.They hid the armies approaching the city aiding in the attackB.They killed the armies approaching the cityC.They blocked paths into the cityD.They snowblinded the
46、approaching armies(3).According to the passage, what must skiers assume about avalanches when skiing?（分数：2.00）A.They only have to worry after a heavy snowfallB.Avalanches only occur in the Swiss or French AlpsC.They should always expect that an avalanche will occurD.When skiing in New England, they
47、will never have to worry about an avalanche(4).According to the passage, when is the most dangerous time for skiers?（分数：2.00）A.When the temperature is below 20 degrees FB.Right before a snowstormC.During a snowstormD.In the winter(5).According to the passage, which factor causes an avalanche?（分数：2.0
48、0）A.The slope of the mountainB.The size of the snowfallC.The amount and intensity of movement around the snowfallD.The weight of the snow六、Passage Three(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Recent stories in the newspapers and magazines suggest that teaching and research contradict each other, that research plays too pro
49、minent a part in academic promotions, and that teaching is badly underemphasized. There is an element of truth in these statements, but they also ignore deeper and more important relationships. Research experience is an essential element of hiring and promotion at a research university because it is the emphasis on research that distinguishes such a university from an arts college. Some professors, however, neglect teachi
