1、考博英语-试卷 270及答案解析(总分：114.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Structure and Vocabu(总题数：20，分数：40.00)1.Hidden hotel costs can be a source of frustration to the frugal traveler.（分数：2.00）A.carefulB.cleverC.ignorantD.economical2.Thick with trees and sparse with homes, this tranquil area 50 miles north of Houston could be a sl
2、ice of heaven.（分数：2.00）A.moltenB.sereneC.isolatedD.snobbish3.Accommodations must be made for students with learning disabilities.（分数：2.00）A.criminalB.pumpC.psychologyD.lodgings4.History was being catalogued here, the missed opportunities, blunders , and outright mistakes.（分数：2.00）A.attemptsB.insults
3、C.mistakesD.arguments5.The press mocked his attempts to appeal to young voters.（分数：2.00）A.ridiculedB.entertainedC.ignoredD.drew6.The federal court has been putting pressure on the state to adhere to the population caps in the decree.（分数：2.00）A.encounterB.stick toC.prepareD.anticipate7.Widespread wag
4、e reductions were imposed during the recession of 19061909 and price inflation thereafter impeded the recovery of real wage levels.（分数：2.00）A.convolutedB.beliedC.encumberedD.stoked8.Helplessly she blinked up at him, feeling a slow lethargy creep through her whole body.（分数：2.00）A.provisionB.cylinderC
5、.contradictionD.exhaustion9.The attack was meticulously planned and executed.（分数：2.00）A.negligentlyB.slovenlyC.fussilyD.discreetly10.At the same time, medical and social science research began to indicate that retirement itself had detrimental effects.（分数：2.00）A.damagingB.magnificentC.usefulD.releva
6、nt11.His ideas are invariably condemned as_by his colleagues.（分数：2.00）A.imaginativeB.ingeniousC.impracticalD.theoretical12.The reception was attended by_members of the local community.（分数：2.00）A.excellentB.conspicuousC.prominentD.noticeable13.Mondays earthquake_windows and woke residents.（分数：2.00）A.
7、slammedB.prosecutedC.rattledD.pierced14.Environmentalists_that it will not be easy to persuade car drivers to use their vehicles less often.（分数：2.00）A.deliverB.deserveC.contrastD.concede15.Lately, the restaurant chain, which_ mainly to blue-collar diners, has been hurt by competition.（分数：2.00）A.cate
8、rsB.fabricatesC.facilitatesD.flees16.The nation_ the death of its great war leader.（分数：2.00）A.protrudedB.lamentedC.rebukedD.racked17.The report_poor safety standards for the accident.（分数：2.00）A.blamesB.chargesC.complainsD.accuses18.The new school building is_completion.（分数：2.00）A.nearly toB.close to
9、C.almost atD.just about at19.Walking is excellent for working_tension.（分数：2.00）A.outB.awayC.downD.off20.Any negative statements and accusations should be made_and forthrightly answered, preferably at the level on which they originate.（分数：2.00）A.promptlyB.thoroughlyC.punctuallyD.exactly二、Cloze(总题数：1，
10、分数：30.00)Color is very important to most animals for it helps them to get along in the world. Color【C1】_to make an animal difficult for its enemies to【C2】_. Many animals match their【C3】_so well that as long as they do not move no one is【C4】_to see them. You probably have often “jumped“ a rabbit. If
11、you【C5】_, you know how the rabbit sits perfectly still【C6】_you are just a few feet away. You【C7】_see the rabbit till it runs for its【C8】_matches very closely the place where it is【C9】_. Many times you may have walked past a rabbit【C10】_didnt run and you never knew it was there at all. One of the mos
12、t usual color schemes that helps animals to keep【C11】_being seen, is a dark back and light underpants. If an animal is the same color all【C12】_, there is always a dark shadow along the animals belly(腹部).【C13】_an enemy couldnt see the animal he could see this dark shadow. The shadow makes the animal【
13、C14】_out to view. But if the belly is【C15】_than the rest of the animal, the shadow will not be noticed.（分数：30.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.helpsB.contributesC.triesD.manages(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.watchB.seeC.catchD.kill(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.conditionsB.surroundingsC.enemiesD.bodies(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）A.enableB.hardl
14、yC.likelyD.possible(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.do notB.had notC.didD.have(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）A.whereB.thereC.whileD.until(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.sometimesB.occasionallyC.seldomD.often(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.surfaceB.coatC.shapeD.appearance(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.sittingB.matchingC.runningD.jumping(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.youB.tha
15、tC.itD.which(11).【C11】（分数：2.00）A.out ofB.onC.fromD.off(12).【C12】（分数：2.00）A.aloneB.togetherC.overD.right(13).【C13】（分数：2.00）A.Even ifB.UnlessC.HoweverD.As long as(14).【C14】（分数：2.00）A.standB.stretchC.pushD.bring(15).【C15】（分数：2.00）A.thinnerB.darkerC.biggerD.lighter三、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：40.00)F
16、or some time past it has been widely accepted that babiesand other creatures learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards“; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly r
17、elated to such basic physiological “drives“ as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise. It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward excep
18、t the successful outcome. Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward“ the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would sti
19、ll go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the childrens response in situation where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “switched on“ a display of l
20、ightsand indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side. Papouseks light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that
21、sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would “smile and bubble“ when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of lights which pleased them, it was the success that they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the sk
22、ill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the author, babies learn to do things which_.（分数：2.00）A.are directly related to pleasureB.will meet their physical needsC.will bring them a feeling of succ
23、essD.will satisfy their curiosity(2).Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby_.（分数：2.00）A.would make learned response when it saw the milkB.would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drinkC.would continue the simple movements without being given milkD.would turn its head to right or
24、left when it had enough to drink(3).In Papouseks experiment babies made learned movements of the head in order to_.（分数：2.00）A.have the lights turned onB.be rewarded with milkC.please their parentsD.be praised(4).The babies would “smile and bubble“ at the lights because_.（分数：2.00）A.the lights were di
25、rectly related to some basic “drives“B.the sight of the lights was interestingC.they need not turn back to watch the lightsD.they succeeded in “switching on“ the lights(5).According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of_.（分数：2.00）A.a basic human desire to und
26、erstand and control the worldB.the satisfaction of certain physiological needsC.their strong desire to solve complex problemD.a fundamental human urge to display their learned skillsEvery time a person eats something he makes a nutritional decision. He accepts or rejects the food available to him at
27、 home for meals or snacks. Or he selects food for himself at many places in the community, such as supermarkets, drive-ins, restaurants, and food counters in drugstores. These selections make a difference in how an individual looks, how he feels, and how well he can work and play. When a good assort
28、ment of food in appropriate amounts is selected and eaten, the consequences are more likely to be a desirable level of health and enough energy to allow one to be as active as one needs and wants to be. When choices are less than desirable, the consequences are likely to be poor health or limited en
29、ergy or both. Studies of diets of individuals in the United States show that food selection is a highly individual matter, even among young children. Furthermore, far too many individuals of all ages are making poor choices day after day and are either now living with the consequences or will be in
30、the future. Nutritionists and workers in allied professions have been concerned about helping people learn to select and enjoy a wide variety of food combinations that can add up to a good diet. Most people believe that they are well fedthat the choices they make are good ones. After all, they are n
31、ot really sick, neither are they hungry. However, their nutrition is usually poor in one respect or another. Milk and milk products, such as cheeses, ice cream or milk, buttermilk, and yogurt, are often slighted. Then people may skip many fruits and vegetables, particularly those that are good sourc
32、es of vitamins A and C. These include dark green leafy vegetables, deep yellow vegetables, and citrus fruits and vegetables, such as cabbage, tomatoes, and green peppers. Every American has the right to choose to be uniformed about nutrition as well as to be informed. If a person believes that she i
33、s well fed, attitudes, habits, and information cannot be forced upon her. There are life situations, however, that tend to cause all individuals to want to know how to make the best choices. For example, a young couple is starting a family and must prepare food for young children.（分数：10.00）(1).Food
34、preference in America is_.（分数：2.00）A.culturally orientedB.inheritedC.individualisticD.according to ages(2).Good amounts of vitamin A can be found in_.（分数：2.00）A.celeryB.bananaC.milkD.cabbage(3).According to the author, nutritionists are concerned with_.（分数：2.00）A.improving the vitamin content of pro
35、cessed foodsB.restricting the manufacture of high cholesterol foodsC.informing the public about wholesome foodsD.helping people enjoy being uninformed about nutrition(4).Some people judge their nutrition by the_.（分数：2.00）A.status of their healthB.grocery stores where they shopC.amount of protein in
36、their dietsD.food they took(5).The author advocates_.（分数：2.00）A.requiring high school students to take courses on nutritionB.making information on nutrition available to the publicC.forcing food manufacturers to list ingredients on packagesD.people has the right to choose foodAlmost since the beginn
37、ing of mankind, governments have been recording the numbers of their populace. The first known census report took place in 3800 B. C. in Babylonia for the purpose of deciding who should pay taxes. As time went by, governments found other, more creative uses for knowing their numbers. Egyptian King R
38、amses II used the census not only to determine who should pay taxes, but also to figure out how to divide land for farming and to decide who could provide manpower for various government projects. These new ideas came about in the mid-1200s-B. C. William the Conqueror brought the concept of census t
39、aking to England in 1085. All landowners were required to name their holdings for the purpose of taxation. By the fifteenth century, Tudor kings found a new twist to the Egyptians use of the census. They too used the population count as a means of getting ready manpower for important government proj
40、ects, namely, replenishing troops in the ongoing battles in western Europe. A rebellious tide swept over England, however, in the mid-1700s. A bill to authorize a regular census was defeated in Parliament on the grounds that it would give valuable information to Englands enemies. But the tide of reb
41、ellion soon turned, and in 1800 England established its first regular census. Meanwhile the United States had already had an ongoing census for ten years. It was authorized in the Constitution for the purpose of deciding how many members of Congress would be needed for a fair representation of the A
42、merican people. The constitutional article also established that the census would be taken in 1790 and every ten years thereafter. And so it has. Since its beginning, the American census has gone through many changes. Today the census provides more than a count of the people who live here. It takes
43、polls on transportation, economic planning, and agriculture. The census also provides data for most government agency statistics, such as the unemployment rate. Counting costs have risen since 1790. The government spent about a penny per person to count post-Revolutionary Americans. Today the census
44、 costs $ 250 millionmore than a dollar per person. Thats a long way since 3800 B. C.（分数：10.00）(1).The first known census report took place in Babylonia in_.（分数：2.00）A.1085B.1200 B.C.C.3800 B.C.D.1790(2).The first census was created for the sole purpose of_.（分数：2.00）A.counting available troopsB.divid
45、ing farmlandC.providing manpowerD.taxing the populace(3).The American census today costs the government approximately_.（分数：2.00）A.$ 0. 01/personB.$ 0. 10/personC.$1. 00/personD.$ 10. 00/person(4).Parliament defeated a bill authorizing a regular census because it_.（分数：2.00）A.might give valuable news
46、to EnglandB.would give Englands enemies cause for rebellionC.would be too expensiveD.might disclose information to Englands enemies(5).The author implies the American census is_.（分数：2.00）A.relatively inexpensive to conductB.important to various government branchesC.an exact count of the citizenryD.f
47、airly expensive before 1790It didnt happen overnight. The problem of polluted air has been festering for centuries. Suddenly the problem of air pollution is becoming critical and is erupting right before our eyes. Not only do our eyes burn as they focus through murky air, but when the air clears, we
48、 see trees and vegetation dying. We must realize that this destruction can no longer be pinned to some mysterious cause. The one major culprit is air pollution. Todays air pollution is an unfortunate by-product of the growth of civilization. Civilized mall desires goods that require heavy industrial
49、ization and mass production. Machines and factories sometimes pollute and taint the air with substances that are dangerous to man and the environment. These substances include radioactive dust, salt spray, herbicide and pesticide aerosols, liquid droplets of acidic matter, gases, and sometimes soil particles. These materials can act alone to irritate objects and forms of life.
