1、清华大学考博英语-14 及答案解析(总分：90.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Vocabulary(总题数：10，分数：7.50)1.Some people seem to_on the pressure of working under a deadline.（分数：0.50）A.renderB.evolveC.prevailD.thrive2.According to the Geneva_no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.（分数：0.50）A.CustomsB.CongressesC.ConventionsD.Rout
2、ines3.The shuttle exploded in the air suddenly and broke into _ at once.（分数：1.00）A.diversityB.fragmentsC.doctrineD.drought4.Both police officers and high officials here are susceptible to corruption.（分数：1.00）A.sustainableB.suspiciousC.skepticalD.vulnerable5.I would never have_a court of law if I had
3、n“t been so desperate.（分数：0.50）A.sought forB.accounted forC.turned upD.resorted to6.Consumers deprived of the information and advice they needed were quite simply _ very cheat in the marketplace.（分数：0.50）A.at the mercy ofB.in lieu ofC.by courtesy ofD.for the price of7.As the society has rigid social
4、 _, everyone knows his role in the society.（分数：1.00）A.hemisphereB.contemptC.controversyD.hierarchy8.Right now there is a sale of 19th-century European paintings and sculpture in the museum.（分数：1.00）A.photographsB.imagesC.statuesD.stone paintings9.Haven“t I told you I don“t want you keeping _ with th
5、ose awful riding-about bicycle boys.?（分数：0.50）A.companyB.acquaintanceC.friendsD.place10.The more intrusive advertisements become, the more they irritate web users.（分数：1.00）A.annoyB.dismayC.surpriseD.startle二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：4，分数：32.50)Some African Americans have had a profound impact on Ameri
6、can society, changing many people“s views on race, history and politics. The following is a sampling of African Americans who have shaped society and the world with their spirit and their ideals. Muhammad Ali Cassius Marcellus Clay grew up a devout Baptist in Louisville, Kentucky, learning to fight
7、at age 12 after a police officer suggested he learn to defend himself. Six years later, he was an Olympic boxing champion, going on to win three world heavyweight titles. He became known as much for his swagger (趾高气扬) outside the ring as his movement in it, converting to Islam in 1965, changing his
8、name to Muhammad Ali and refusing to join the U.S. Army on religious grounds. Ali remained popular after his athletic career ended and he developed Parkinson“s disease, even lighting the Olympic torch at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics and conveying the peaceful virtues of Islam following the September 11
9、 terrorist attacks. W. E. B. Du Bois Born William Edward Burghardt Du Bois in 1868, this Massachusetts native was one of the most prominent, prolific intellectuals of his time. An academic, activist and historian, Du Bois co-founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAA
10、CP), edited “The Crisis“ magazine and wrote 17 books, four journals and many other scholarly articles. In perhaps his most famous work, “The Souls of Black Folk“, published in 1903, he predicted “the problem of 20th century would be the problem of the color-line“. Martin Luther King Jr. The Rev. Mar
11、tin Luther King Jr. is considered one of the most powerful and popular leaders of the American civil rights movement. He spearheaded (带头,作先 锋)a massive, nonviolent initiative of marches, sit-ins, boycotts and demonstrations that profoundly affected Americans“ attitudes toward race relations. He was
12、awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. Malcolm X Black leader Malcolm X spoke out about the concepts of race pride and black nationalism in the early 1960s. He denounced the exploitation of black people by whites and developed a large and dedicated following, which continued even after his death in
13、1965. Interest in the leader surged again after Spike Lee“s 1992 movie “Malcolm X“ was released. Jackie Robinson In 1947, Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier by joining the Brooklyn Dodgers, becoming the first black baseball player in the U.S. major leagues. After retirement from baseball in 195
14、7, he remained active in civil rights and youth activities. In 1962, he became the first African-American to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following is NOT true about Muhammad Ali?（分数：2.00）A.He never served in the armyB.He learned to fight at an early ageC.His
15、 popularity decreased after his retirement from boxingD.He loves peace(2).The italicized word “prolific“ (Line 2, Para. 3) is synonymous to_（分数：2.00）A.smartB.skilledC.productiveD.pioneering(3).According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?（分数：2.00）AWB.Jackie Robinson was de
16、nied by UC.Martin Luther King JrD.Malcolm X directly or indirectly inspired interest in leadership even after his death(4).What is common among the celebrities mentioned in the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Each achieved enormous success in his / her field and was highly recognizedB.Each was devoted to his / h
17、er cause but didn“t win recognition until deathC.All were active and famous in several fields in their lifetimeD.All loved peace and remained active in civil rights activities(5).Which of the following can be a title of the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Life of famous African AmericansB.Influence of famous Afr
18、ican AmericansC.Political pioneers: Icons and intellectualsD.Cultural pioneers: Icons and intellectualsThe multi-billion-dollar Western pop music industry is under fire. It is being blamed by the United Nations for the dramatic rise in drug abuse worldwide. “The most worrisome development is a cultu
19、re of drug-friendliness that seems to be gaining prominence (显著) ,“ said the UN“s 13-member International Narcotics Control Board in a report released in late February 1998. The 74-page study says that pop music, as a global industry, is by far the most influential trend-setter for young people of m
20、ost cultures. “Some lyrics advocate the smoking of marijuana (大麻) or taking other drugs, and certain pop stars make statements and set examples as if the use of drugs for non-medicinal purposes were a normal and acceptable part of a person“s lifestyle,“ the study says. “Surprisingly“, says the Board
21、, “the effect of drug-friendly pop music seems to survive despite the occasional shock of death by overdose (过量用药). Such incidents tend to be seen as an occasion to mourn the loss of a role model, and not an opportunity to confront the deadly effect of recreational drug use.“ Since the 1970s, severa
22、l internationally famous singers and movie stars-including Elvis Presley, Janice Joplin, John Belushi, Jimi Hendrix, Jonathan Melvin and Andy Gibbs-have died of either drug abuse or drug related illnesses. With the globalization of popular music, messages tolerating or promoting drug abuse are now r
23、eaching beyond their countries of origin. “In most countries, the names of certain pop stars have become familiar to the members of every household, “the study says. The UN study also blames the media for its description of certain drug issues-especially the use of marijuana and issues of liberaliza
24、tion and legalization, which encourages, rather than prevents, drug abuse. “Over the last years, we have seen how drug abuse is increasingly regarded as being acceptable or even attractive, “ says Harold Ghodse, president of the Board. “Powerful pressure groups run political campaigns aimed at legal
25、izing controlled drugs,“ he says. Ghodse also points out that all these developments have created an environment which is tolerant of or even favorable to drug abuse and spoils international drug prevention efforts currently underway. The present study, he says, focuses on the issue of demand reduct
26、ion and prevention within an environment that has become tolerant of drug abuse. The Board calls on governments to do their legal and moral duties, and to act against the pro-drug messages of the youth culture to which young people increasingly are being exposed.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following
27、statements does the author tend to agree with?（分数：2.00）A.The use of drugs for non-medicinal purposes is an acceptable part of a person“s lifestyleB.The spreading of pop music may cause the drug abuse to go beyond the boundaries of the countryC.No efforts have been made to prevent the spreading of dr
28、ug abuseD.The governments have no ability to act against the pro-drug messages of the youth culture(2).The italicized phrase “under fire“ (Line 1, Para. 1) means _.（分数：2.00）A.in an urgent situationB.facing some problemsC.being criticizedD.quite popular(3).Under the influence of drug-friendly pop mus
29、ic, what might the youth think of the death of some pop stars caused by overdose?（分数：2.00）A.They tend to mourn the pop stars as role modelsB.They are shocked to know even pop stars may abuse drugsC.They try to confront the deadly effect of “recreational“ drug useD.They may stop abusing the drugs(4).
30、Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage as a factor that has contributed to creating an environment tolerant of or even favorable to drug abuse?（分数：2.00）A.The spreading of pop musicB.The mediaC.Political campaigns run by powerful pressure groupsD.The low price of some drugs(5).The pop
31、 music _.（分数：2.00）A.has a great influence on young people of most culturesB.only appeals to a small number of young peopleC.is not a profitable industryD.is the only culprit (罪魁祸首) responsible for drug amuseEight times within the past million years, something in the Earth“s climatic equation has cha
32、nged, allowing snow in the mountains and the northern latitudes to accumulate from one season to the next instead of melting away. Each time, the enormous ice sheets resulting from this continual buildup lasted tens of thousands of years until the end of each particular glacial cycle brought a warme
33、r climate. Scientists speculated that these glacial cycles were ultimately driven by astronomical factor: slow, cyclic changes in the eccentricity of the Earth“s orbit and in the tilt and orientation of its spin axis. But up until around 30 years ago, the lack of an independent record of ice-age tim
34、ing made the hypothesis untestable. Then in the early 1950“s Emiliani produced the first complete record of the waxings and wanings of first glaciations. It came from a seemingly odd place, the seafloor. Single-cell marine organisms called “foraminifera“ house themselves in shells made from calcium
35、carbonate. When the foraminifera die, sink to the bottom, and become part of seafloor sediments, the carbonate of their shells preserves certain characteristics of the seawater they inhabited. In particular, the ratio of a heavy isotope of oxygen (oxygen-18) to ordinary oxygen (oxygen-16) in the car
36、bonate preserves the ratio of the two oxygens in water molecules. It is now understood that the ratio of oxygen isotopes reflects the proportion of the world“s water locked up in glaciers and ice sheets. A kind of meteorological distillation accounts for the link. Water molecules containing the heav
37、ier isotope tend to condense and fall as precipitation slightly sooner than molecules containing the lighter isotope. Hence, as water vapor evaporated from warm oceans moves away from its source, its oxygen- 18 returns more quickly to the oceans than does its oxygen-16. What falls as snow on distant
38、 ice sheets and mountain glaciers is relatively depleted of oxygen-18. As the oxygen-18-poor ice builds up, the oceans become relatively enriched in the isotope. The larger the ice sheets grow, the higher the proportion of oxygen-18 becomes in seawater-and hence in the sediments Analyzing cores dril
39、led from seafloor sediments, Emiliani found that the isotopic ratio rose and fell in rough accord with the Earth“s astronomical cycles. Since that pioneering observation, oxygenisotope measurements have been made on hundreds of cores. The combined record enables scientists to show that the re-cord c
40、ontains the very periodicities as the orbital processes. Over the past 800, 000 years, the global ice volume peaked every 100,000 years, matching the period of the orbital eccentricity variation. In addition, “wrinkles“ superposed on each cycle-small decreases or surges in ice volume-have come at in
41、tervals of roughly 23,000 and 41,000 years, in keeping with the precession and tilt frequencies of the Earth“s spin axis.（分数：2.50）(1).In opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by _（分数：0.50）A.unfolding a phenomenonB.posing a contrastC.refuting a speculationD.testifying a hypothesis(2).The
42、 expression “waxings and wanings“ (Paragraph 2) most probably means _（分数：0.50）A.regularities and eccentricitiesB.vaporizations and sedimentsC.variants and constantsD.maximizations an minimizations(3).As pointed out in the text, the ratio of oxygen-18 to oxygen-16 in seafloor sediments and that of th
43、ese isotopes locked in glaciers and ice-sheets are _（分数：0.50）A.irrelevantB.correlatedC.correspondingD.identical(4).Single-cell marine organisms referred to as “foraminifera“ as mentioned in the text might serve as _（分数：0.50）A.a proof against the existence of oxygen-16B.a testimony to sediment format
44、ion processesC.a valid record justifying glacial periodic cyclesD.an indicator of the ratio of the two oxygens(5).What can we safely infer from the text?（分数：0.50）A.Many a phenomenon might be caused by astronomical factorsB.Any hypothesis should be abandoned unless supported by solid recordsC.Glacier
45、s are the records keeping Earth“s astronomical cyclesD.Oxygen isotopes are evenly distributed throughout the earth surfaceWhere one stage of child development has been left out, or not sufficiently experienced, the child may have to go back and capture the experience of it. A good home makes this po
46、ssible, for example by providing the opportunity for the child to play with a clockwork car or toy railway train up to any age if he still needs to do so. This principle, in fact, underlies all psychological treatment of children in difficulties with their development, and is the basis of work in ch
47、ild clinics. The beginnings of discipline are in the nursery. Even the youngest baby is taught by gradual stages to wait for food, to sleep and wake at regular intervals and so on. If the child feels the world around him is a warm and friendly one, he slowly accepts its rhythm and accustoms himself
48、to conforming to its demands. Learning to wait for things, particularly for food, is a very important element in upbringing, and is achieved successfully only if too great demands are not made before the child can understand them. Every parent watches eagerly the child“s acquisition of each new skil
49、l-the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feeling of failure and states of anxiety in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any l
