1、清华大学考博英语-4 及答案解析(总分：134.50，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Vocabulary(总题数：10，分数：7.50)1.The child should always _ the same basic procedure: seeing the whole word-hearing and pronouncing-writing from memory.（分数：1.00）A.go throughB.take overC.respond toD.carry off2.The government decided to take a_action to strengthe
2、n the market management.（分数：0.50）A.diverseB.durableC.epidemicD.drastic3.They need to move to new and large apartments. Do you know of any_ones in this area?（分数：0.50）A.evacuatedB.emptyC.vacantD.vacate4.He told a story about his sister who was in a sad _ when she was ill and had no money.（分数：1.00）A.pl
3、ightB.polarizationC.plagueD.pigment5.Her talk at the seminar clearly_from the topic the supervisor expected in the field of sociology.（分数：0.50）A.alternatedB.amplifiedC.designatedD.diverged6.In the new shark repellent method, an insulated cable is buried on the bottom of the sea around a beach from w
4、hich people swim.（分数：1.00）A.frighteningB.resistingC.protectiveD.raising7.Nobody knew how he came up with this _ idea about the trip.（分数：1.00）A.wearyB.twilightC.unanimousD.weird8.Some people seem to_on the pressure of working under a deadline.（分数：0.50）A.renderB.evolveC.prevailD.thrive9.The industry h
5、as pumped_amounts of money into political campaigns, making it less and less likely that politicians will deal with the issue sensibly.（分数：0.50）A.potentialB.substantialC.massiveD.traditional10.These melodious folk songs are generally _ to Smith, a very important musician of the century.（分数：1.00）A.de
6、votedB.contributedC.composedD.ascribed二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：5，分数：88.00)There are over 6,000 different computer and online games in the world now. A segment of them are considered to be both educational and harmlessly entertaining. One such game teaches geography and another trains pilots. Others
7、train the player in logical thinking and literate, which is more important in this technology-driven era. But the dark side of the computer games has become more and more obvious. “A segment of games features anti-social themes of violence, sex and crude language,“ says David Walsh, president of the
8、 National Institute on Media and Family. “Unfortunately. It“s a segment that seems particularly popular with kids aged from eight to fifteen.“ One study showed that almost 90 percent of the computer and online games young people preferred contained violence. The investigators said, “There are not ju
9、st games anymore. These are learning machines. We“re teaching kids in the most incredible manner what it“s like to pull the trigger. What they are not learning are the real-life consequences. They also said, “The new and more sophisticated games are even worse, because they have better graphics and
10、allow the player to participate in even more realistic violent acts.“ In the game Carmageddon, for example, the player will have driven over and killed up to 33,000 people by the time all levels are compelled. A description of the outcome of the game says: “Your victims not only squish under your ti
11、res and splatter blood on the windshield, they also get on their knees and beg for mercy, or commit suicide. If you like, you can also dismember them.“ Is all this simulated violence harmful? Approximately 3,000 different studies have been conducted on this subject. Many have suggested that there is
12、 a connection between violence in games and increased aggressiveness in the players. Some specialists downplay the influence of the games, saying that other factors must be taken into consideration, such as the possibility that kids who already have violent tendencies are choosing such games. But co
13、uld it be that violent games still play a contributing role? It seems unrealistic to insist that people are not influenced by what they see. If that were true, why would the commercial world spend billions of dollars annually for television advertising?（分数：8.00）(1).Which of the following computer ga
14、mes are NOT mentioned as educational and harmlessly entertaining?（分数：2.00）A.Those that teach how to fly an airplane.B.Those that teach the features of the earth.C.Those that help people use computer language.D.Those that teach computer technology.(2).According to the investigators,_（分数：2.00）A.the ne
15、w and more sophisticated games allow the players to take parting real violent actsB.the new and more sophisticated games teach the players how to kill other peopleC.most computer and online games male the players forget the real life resultsD.most computer and online games may cultivate young people
16、 with bad manners(3).It can be inferred from the passage that_（分数：2.00）A.more and more young people enjoy cruel computer gamesB.it is hard to find evidence of a link between violence and computer gamesC.there are now more incidents of violence because of computer gamesD.simulated violence in compute
17、r games is different from real violence(4).The author uses“ television advertising“ as an example to show that_（分数：2.00）A.the commercial world is contributing to the increased violence in real lifeB.computer and online games are not the only cause of increased violence in real lifeC.there is little
18、link between computer games and increased violence in real lifeD.other factors must be considered as possible causes of violence in real lifeWhere one stage of child development has been left out, or not sufficiently experienced, the child may have to go back and capture the experience of it. A good
19、 home makes this possible, for example by providing the opportunity for the child to play with a clockwork car or toy railway train up to any age if he still needs to do so. This principle, in fact, underlies all psychological treatment of children in difficulties with their development, and is the
20、basis of work in child clinics. The beginnings of discipline are in the nursery. Even the youngest baby is taught by gradual stages to wait for food, to sleep and wake at regular intervals and so on. If the child feels the world around him is a warm and friendly one, he slowly accepts its rhythm and
21、 accustoms himself to conforming to its demands. Learning to wait for things, particularly for food, is a very important element in upbringing, and is achieved successfully only if too great demands are not made before the child can understand them. Every parent watches eagerly the child“s acquisiti
22、on of each new skill-the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feeling of failure and states of anxiety in the child. This might happen at any s
23、tage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural zest for life and hi
24、s desire to find out new things for himself. Learning together is a fruit source of relationship between children and parents. By playing together, parents learn more about their children and children learn more from their parents. Toys and games which both parents and children can share are an impo
25、rtant means of achieving this co-operation. Building-block toys, jigsaw puzzles and crossword are good examples. Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness or indulgence towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters, others are severe over times of coming home at nig
26、ht, punctuality for meals or personal cleanliness. In general, the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child“s own happiness and well-being.（分数：10.00）(1).The principle underlying all treatment of developmental difficulties in children _.
27、（分数：2.00）A.is to send them to clinicsB.offers recapture of earlier experiencesC.is in the provision of clockwork toys and trainsD.is to capture them before they are sufficiently experienced(2).The child in the nursery _.（分数：2.00）A.quickly learns to wait for foodB.doesn“t initially sleep and wake at
28、regular intervalsC.always accepts the rhythm of the world around himD.always feels the word around him is warm and friendly(3).The encouragement of children to achieve new skills _.（分数：2.00）A.can never be taken too farB.should be left to school teachersC.will always assist their developmentD.should
29、be balanced between two extremes(4).Jigsaw puzzles are _.（分数：2.00）A.too difficult for childrenB.a kind of building-block toyC.not very entertaining for adultsD.suitable exercises for parent-child cooperation(5).Parental controls and discipline _.（分数：2.00）A.serve a dual purposeB.should be avoided as
30、much as possibleC.reflect the values of the communityD.are designed to promote the child“s happinessI have had just about enough of being treated like a second-class citizen, simply because I happen to be that put-upon member of society-a customer. The more I go into shops and hotels, banks and post
31、 offices, railway stations, airports and the like, the more I am convinced the things are being run solely to suit the firm, the system, or the union. There seems to be a deceptive new motto for so-called “service“ organizations-Staff Before Service. How often, for example, have you queued for what
32、seems like hours at the Post office or the supermarket because there were not enough staff on duty to man all the service grilles or checkout counters? Sure? in these days of high unemployment it must be possible to hire cashiers and counter staff. Yet supermarkets, hinting darkly at higher prices,
33、claim that uncovering all their cash registers at any one time would increase overheads. And the Post office says we cannot expect all their service grilles to be occupied “at times when demand is low“. It is the same with hotels. Because waiters and kitchen staff must finish when it suits them, din
34、ing rooms close earlier or menu choice is cut short. As for us guests, we just have to put up with it. There is also the nonsense of so many friendly hotel night porters having been thrown out of their jobs in the interests of “efficiency“ (i. e. profits) and replaced by coin-eating machines which o
35、ffer everything from lager to laxatives. Not to mention the creeping threat of the tea-making kit in your room: a kettle with a mixed collection of tea bags, plastic milk cartons and lump sugar. Who wants to wake up to a raw teabag? I do not, especially when I am paying for “service“. Can it be stop
36、ped, this worsening of service, this growing attitude that the customer is always a nuisance? I angrily hope so because it is happening, sadly, in all walks of life. Our only hope is to hammer home our anger whenever and wherever we can and, if all else fails, bring back into practice that other, ol
37、der slogan-Take Our Custom Elsewhere.（分数：50.00）(1).The writer feels that nowadays a customer _（分数：10.00）A.deserves the lowest status in society.B.is unworthy of proper consideration.C.receives unexpected quality service.D.is the victim of some public services.(2).The writer argues that the quality o
38、f service is changing because _（分数：10.00）A.customers“ demands have radically changed.B.services provided never become consistent.C.the staff receive more consideration than customers.D.the staff are less considerate than their employers.(3).According to the writer, long queues at counters are caused
39、 by _（分数：10.00）A.difficulties in hiring employees.B.deliberate understaffing.C.lack of cooperation between staff members.D.employers“ irresponsibility.(4).Service organizations contend that keeping all checkout counters operated can result in _（分数：10.00）A.demands by cashiers for a pay raise.B.insign
40、ificant benefits for the customers.C.a rise in the coat for providing service.D.needs to purchase expensive equipment.(5).The writer suggests that a customer _（分数：10.00）A.put up with the rode manners of the staff.B.be patient when queuing before checkout counters.C.try to control his temper when ill
41、-treated.D.go to other places where good service is available.Rubidium, potassium and carbon are three common elements used to date the history of Earth. The rates of radioactive decay of these elements are absolutely regular when averaged out over a period of time; nothing is known to change them.
42、To be useful as clocks, the elements have to be fairly common in natural minerals, unstable but decay slowly over millions of years to form recognizable “daughter“ products which are preserved minerals. For example, an atom of radioactive rubidium decays to form an atom of strontium (another element
43、) by converting a neutron in its nucleus to a proton and releasing an electron, generating energy in the process. The radiogenic daughter products of the decay-in this case strontium atoms-diffuse away and are lost above a certain very high temperature. So by measuring the exact proportions of rubid
44、ium and strontium atoms that are present in a mineral, researchers can work out how long it has been since the mineral cooled below that critical “blocking“ temperature. The main problems with this dating method are the difficulty in finding minerals containing rubidium, the accuracy with which the
45、proportions of rubidium and strontium are measured, and the fact that the method gives only the date when the mineral last cooled below the blocking temperature. Because the blocking temperature is very high, the method is used, mainly for recrystallized (igneous or metamorphic) rocks, not for sedim
46、ents-rubidium-bearing minerals in sediments simply record the age of cooling of the rocks which were eroded to form the sediments, not the age of deposition of the sediments themselves. Potassium decays to form (a gas) which is sometimes lost from its host mineral by escaping through pores. Although
47、 potassium-argon dating is therefore rather unreliable, it can sometimes be useful in dating sedimentary rocks because potassium is common in some minerals which form in sediments at low temperatures. Assuming no argon has escaped, the potassium-argon date records the age of the sediments themselves
48、. Carbon dating is mainly used in archaeology. Most carbon atoms (carbon-12) are stable and do not change over time. However, cosmic radiation bombarding the upper atmospheres constantly interacting with nitrogen in the atmosphere to create an unstable form of carbon, carbon-14.（分数：10.00）(1).What is
49、 the common feature of rubidium, potassium and carbon?（分数：2.00）A.They can be made into clocks.B.They are rich in content.C.Their decay is slow but regular.D.The products of their decay are the same.(2).What aspect of rubidium decay is useful for dating?（分数：2.00）A.The atom produced by the decay is above a certain point of temperature.B.The atom produced by the decay is easy to be detected at a cool temperature.C.The decay produced a. neutron and an electron.D.The decay is sen
