1、考研英语(一)-34 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. S
2、uch behaviour is regarded as “all too human,“ with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests
3、that it is all too monkey , as well. The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to th
4、e value of “goods and services“ than males. Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan“s and Dr. de Waal“s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices o
5、f cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different. In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So whe
6、n one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or re
7、fused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin. The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are
8、 a co-operative, group-living species. Such cooperation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other me
9、mbers of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.（分数：20.00）(1).In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his to
10、pic by（分数：4.00）A.posing a contrast.B.justifying an assumption.C.making a comparison.D.explaining a phenomenon.(2).The statement “it is all too monkey“ (Para. 1) implies that（分数：4.00）A.monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.B.resenting unfairness is also monkeys“ nature.C.monkeys, like humans, ten
11、d to be jealous of each other.D.no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.(3).Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are（分数：4.00）A.more inclined to weigh what they get.B.attentive to researchers“ instructions.C.nice in both appearance and temper
12、ament.D.more generous than their male companions.(4).Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys（分数：4.00）A.prefer grapes to cucumbers.B.can be taught to exchange things.C.will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.D.are unhappy when separated from others.(5).Wh
13、at can we infer from the last paragraph?（分数：4.00）A.Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.B.Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.C.Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.D.Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.四、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Scie
14、ntists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hardwired responses. Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether so
15、meone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of p
16、ersonality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness. But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren“t exclusive to the interpersonal realm. Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though re
17、ading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we“re doing. Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long. Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will
18、overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, we can help screen
19、ers understand their biasesor hire outside screeners. John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly “thin slice“ information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in “thick sliced“ long-term study. When Dr. Gottman rea-lly wants to assess whether a couple will stay together
20、, he invites them to his island retreat for a much longer evaluation: two days, not two seconds. Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: dogs can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically we have spent ab
21、out 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term. Although technology might change the way we react, it hasn“t changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend.（分数：20.00）(1).The time needed in making decisions may（分数：4.00）A.
22、vary according to the urgency of the situation.B.prove the complexity of our brain reaction.C.depend on the importance of the assessment.D.predetermine the accuracy of our judgment.(2).Our reaction to a fast-food logo shows that snap decisions（分数：4.00）A.can be associative.B.are not unconscious.C.can
23、 be dangerous.D.are not impulsive.(3).To reverse the negative influences of snap decisions, we should（分数：4.00）A.trust our first impression.B.do as people usually do.C.think before we act.D.ask for expert advice.(4).John Gottman says that reliable snap reactions are based on（分数：4.00）A.critical assess
24、ment.B.“thin sliced“ study.C.sensible explanation.D.adequate information.(5).The author“s attitude toward reversing the high-speed trend is（分数：4.00）A.tolerant.B.uncertain.C.optimistic.D.doubtful.五、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Americans don“t like to lose wars. Of course, a lot depends on how you define jus
25、t what a war is. There are shooting warsthe kind that test patriotism and courageand those are the kind at which the U.S. excels. But other struggles test those qualities too. What else was the Great Depression or the space race or the construction of the railroads? If American indulge in a bit of f
26、lagwhen the job is done, they earned it. Now there is a similar challengeglobal warming. The steady deterioration of the very climate of this very planet is becoming a war of the first order, and by any measure, the U.S. is losing. Indeed, if America is figting at all, it“s fighting on the wrong sid
27、e. The U.S. produces nearly a quarter of the world“s green-house gases each year and has stubbornly made it clear that it doesn“t intend to do a whole lot about it. Although 174 nations approved the admittedly flawed Kyoto accords to reduce carbon levels, the U.S. walked away from them. There are va
28、gue promises of manufacturing fuel from herbs or powering cars with hydrogen. But for a country that tightly cites patriotism as one of its core values, the U.S. is taking a pass on what might be the most patriotic struggle of all. It“s hard to imagine a bigger fight than one for the survival of a c
29、ountry“s coasts and farms, the health of its people and stability of its economy. The rub is, if the vast majority of people increasingly agree that climate change is a global emergency, there“s far less agreement on how to fix it. Industry offers its plans, which too often would fix little. Environ
30、mentalists offer theirs, which too often amount to native wish lists that could weaken America“s growth. But let“s assume that those interested parties and others will always bent the table and will always demand that their voices be heard and that their needs be addressed. What would an aggressive,
31、 ambitious, effective plan look likeone that would leave the U.S. both environmentally safe and economically sound? Halting climate change will be far harder. One of the more conservative plans for addressing the problem calls for a reduction of 25 billion tons of carbon emissions over the next 52 y
32、ears. And yet by devising a consistent strategy that mixes short-time profit with long-range objective and blends pragmatism with ambition, the U.S. can, without major damage to the economy, help halt the worst effects of climate change and ensure the survival of its way of life for future generatio
33、ns. Money will do some of the work, but what“s needed most is will. “I“m not saying the challenge isn“t almnost overwhelming,“ says Fred Krupp. “But this is America, and America has risen to these challenges before.“（分数：20.00）(1).What does the passage mainly discuss?（分数：4.00）A.Human wars.B.Economic
34、crisis.C.America“s environmental policies.D.Global environment in general.(2).From the last sentence of Paragraph 2 we may learn that the survival of a country“s coasts and farms, the health of its people and the stability of its economy is（分数：4.00）A.of utmost importance.B.a fight no one can win.C.b
35、eyond people“s imagination.D.a less significant issue.(3).Judging from the context, the word “rub“ (Para. 3) probably means（分数：4.00）A.friction.B.contradiction.C.conflict.D.problem.(4).What is the author“s attitude towards America“s policies on global warming?（分数：4.00）A.Critical.B.Indifferent.C.Suppo
36、rtive.D.Compromising.(5).The paragraphs immediately following this passage would most probably deal with（分数：4.00）A.the new book written by Fred Krupp.B.how America can fight against global warming.C.the harmful effects of global warming.D.how America can tide over economic crisis.六、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：2
37、0.00)It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdomor at least confirm that he“s the kid“s dad. All he needs to do is shell out $30 for a paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstoreand another $120 to get the results. More than 60,000 pe
38、ople have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fogg, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public, ranging in price from a few hund
39、red dollars to more than $2,500. Among the most popular: paternity and kinship testing, which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and families can use to track down kids put up for adoption. DNA testing is also the latest rage among passionate genealogistsand supports busines
40、ses that offer to search for a family“s geographic roots. Most tests require collecting cells by swabbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA. But some observers are skeptical. “There is a kind of false preci
41、sion being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,“ says Troy Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestorsnumbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chr
42、omosome inherited through men in a father“s line or mitochondrial DNA, which is passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generat
43、ions back, 14 other great-great-grandparents. Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don“t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from differen
44、t research projects. This means that a DNA database may have a lot of data from some regions and not others, so a person“s test results may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not
45、subject to peer review or outside evaluation.（分数：20.00）(1).In Paragraphs 1 and 2, the text shows PTK“s（分数：4.00）A.easy availability.B.flexibility in pricing.C.successful promotion.D.popularity with households.(2).PTK is used to（分数：4.00）A.locate one“s birth place.B.promote genetic research.C.identify
46、parent-child kinship.D.choose children for adoption.(3).Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to（分数：4.00）A.trace distant ancestors.B.rebuild reliable bloodlines.C.fully use genetic information.D.achieve the claimed accuracy.(4).In the last paragraph, a problem commercial genetic te
47、sting faces is（分数：4.00）A.disorganized data collection.B.overlapping database building.C.excessive sample comparison.D.lack of patent evaluation.(5).An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be（分数：4.00）A.Fors and Againsts of DNA TestingB.DNA Testing and Its ProblemsC.DNA Testing Outside the
48、 LabD.Lies Behind DNA Testing七、Text 5(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn“t know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our
49、way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves. There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth“s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the Na
