1、考研英语-117 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BSection Use o(总题数：1，分数：10.00)About 40 percent of Americans think of themselves as shy, while only 20 percent say they have never suffered from shyness at some point in their lives. Shyness occurs when a persons apprehensions are so great that they U(1) /U his m
2、aking an expected or desired social response. U(2) /U of shyness can be as minor as U(3) /U to make eye contact when speaking to someone, U(4) /U as major as avoiding conversations whenever possible.“Shy people tend to be too U(5) /U with themselves, “said Jonathan Cheek, a psychologist, who is one
3、of those at the forefront of current research on the topic.“U (6) /U, for a smooth conversation, you need to pay attention to the other persons cues U(7) /U he is saying and doing. But the shy person is full of U(8) /U about how he seems to the other person, and so he often U(9) /U cues he should pi
4、ck up. The result is an awkward lag in the conversation. Shy people need to stop focusing on U(10) /U and switch their attention to the other person.“U (11) /U,shy people by and large have U(12) /U social abilities than they think they do. U(13) /U Dr. Cheek videotaped shy people talking to U(14) /U
5、,and then had raters (评估者) evaluate how socially skilled the people were, he found that, in the U(15) /U of other people, the shy group had few U(16) /U problems. But when he asked the shy people themselves U(17) /U they had done, they were unanimous in saying that they had been social flops(失败).“Sh
6、y people are their own U(18) /U critics, “Dr. Cheek said. U(19) /U, he added, shy people feel they are being judged more U(20) /U than they actually are, and overestimate how obvious their social anxiety is to others.（分数：10.00）A.preventB.inhibitC.keepD.motivateA.SymptomsB.SignalsC.HighlightsD.Incide
7、ncesA.succeedingB.failingC.actingD.respondingA.butB.notC.orD.norA.preoccupiedB.absorbedC.engagedD.indulgedA.HoweverB.ThenC.For exampleD.InsteadA.thatB.whichC.whatD.howA.worriesB.feelingsC.emotionsD.indifferencesA.followsB.picks upC.missesD.catchesA.the conversationB.shynessC.othersD.themselvesA.Ther
8、eforeB.NeverthelessC.On the contraryD.SimilarlyA.worseB.as goodC.betterD.bestA.WhenB.SinceC.WhileD.AsA.themselvesB.friendsC.strangersD.othersA.nameB.termsC.caseD.eyesA.obliviousB.obviousC.obliqueD.obscureA.whatB.whateverC.howD.howeverA.bestB.justiceC.fairD.worstA.In particularB.In contrastC.In gener
9、alD.In comparisonA.positivelyB.negativelyC.subjectivelyD.objectively二、BSection Readi(总题数：4，分数：40.00)BText 1/BAdvertising sells its products by offering seductive promises of youth, beauty, health, money, ease, romance, better lifestyle, even time. Theres no logical connection between a car and a cou
10、gar, but the image is powerful and presented with sophistication. We buy it and we may well buy the product.When it comes to advertising, let the buyer beware. There are several less-than-candid techniques which advertisers use to get our attention. A product may be filmed or photographed in such a
11、way to make it appear bigger, better, or more luscious. A product may be presented as being “unique“, “one-of-a-kind“, or “supreme“, when in fact its identical to other products on the market. A product may claim to be “new“ or “improved“ when only an insignificant change has been made.Finally, an a
12、dvertiser may offer distorted truths or even tell outright lies. It takes a while for the government or the competition to catch up with false claims in advertising. Meanwhile, the public has been led to believe that a mouth wash can cure the common cold, or that bee pollen retards aging in human sk
13、in.The consumers best defense is awareness. He can listen to, but not learn, the emotional message broadcast by the ad. He can distinguish between what the ad pretends to offer and what it is really selling. A face cream, for example, can only do so much. It can reduce dryness and provide temporary
14、smoothness and moisture to the skin. But it is made in a factory, not in a magicians study. It cannot turn back the clock.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the author, many of the promises made by the advertiser are _.（分数：2.00）A.trueB.reliableC.not trueD.emotive(2).The authors attitude towards advertising
15、is _.（分数：2.00）A.overstatedB.favourableC.unfavourableD.emotional(3).According to the author, consumers best policy towards advertising is _.（分数：2.00）A.to doubt its truthB.to disbelieve itC.to distinguish between what is true and what is not trueD.to know what products the advertiser is going to sell(
16、4).According to the passage, many of the “new“, “improved“ products are _.（分数：2.00）A.quite different from the old productsB.almost the same with the former productsC.insignificant productsD.not important goods(5).According to the passage, which technique is NOT used by advertisers to get our attenti
17、on?（分数：2.00）A.A product may be filmed or photographed to make it appear better.B.A product may be presented as “unique“, “supreme“.C.A product may claim to he “new“ or “improved“.D.A product may be sold at a discount.BText 2/BIs it possible to persuade mankind to live without war? War is an ancient
18、institution which has existed for at least six thousand years. It was always wicked and usually foolish, but in the past the human race managed to live with it. Modern ingenuity has changed this. Either Man will abolish war, or war will abolish Man. For the present, it is nuclear weapons that cause
19、the gravest danger, but bacteriological or chemical weapons may, before long, offer an even greater threat. If we succeed in abolishing nuclear weapons, our work will not be done. It will never be done until we have succeeded in abolishing war. To do this, we need to persuade mankind to look upon in
20、ternational questions in a new way, not as contests of force, in which the victory goes to the side which is most skilful in massacre, but by arbitration in accordance with agreed principles of law. It is not easy to change age-old mental habits, but this is what must be attempted.There are those wh
21、o say that the adoption of this or that ideology would prevent war. I believe this to be a profound error. All ideologies are based upon dogmatic assertions(主张)which are, at best, doubtful, and at worst, totally false. Their adherents believe in them so fanatically that they are willing to go to war
22、 in support of them.The movement of world opinion during the past two years has been very largely such as we can welcome. It has become a commonplace that nuclear war must be avoided. Of course very difficult problems remain in the international sphere, but the spirit in which they are being approac
23、hed is a better one than it was some years ago. It has begun to be thought, even by the powerful men who decide whether we shall live or die, that negotiations should reach agreements even if both sides do not find these agreements wholly satisfactory. It has begun to be understood that the importan
24、t conflict nowadays is not between East and West, but between Man and the H-bomb.（分数：10.00）(1).This passage implies that war is now _.（分数：2.00）A.more wicked than in the pastB.as wicked as in the pastC.less wicked than in the pastD.what people try to live with(2).According to the author _.（分数：2.00）A.
25、it is impossible to live without warB.war is the only way to settle international disagreementsC.war must be abolished if man wants to surviveD.war will be abolished by modern ingenuity(3).The author says that modern weapons _.（分数：2.00）A.will help abolish warB.put mankind in grave dangerC.wii1 gradu
26、ally become part of mans lifeD.need further improving(4).The author believes that the only way to abolish war is to _.（分数：2.00）A.abolish nuclear weaponsB.let the stronger side take over the worldC.improve bacteriological and chemical weaponsD.settle international issues through negotiation(5).The la
27、st paragraph suggests that _.（分数：2.00）A.nuclear war will definitely not take placeB.international agreements are now reached more and more easilyC.man is beginning to realize that nuclear war is his greatest enemyD.world opinion is in favour of nuclear warBText 3/BA wise man once said that the only
28、thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. So, as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people.Days after days my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime. Something has gone terribly wrong with our once-proud American way of life. It has
29、 happened in the area of values. A key ingredient is disappearing, and I think I know what it is: accountability.Accountability isnt hard to define. It means that every person is responsible for his or her actions and liable for their consequences.Of the many values that hold civilization togetherho
30、nesty, kindness, and so onaccountability may be the most important of all. Without it, there can be no respect, no trust, no law and, ultimately, no society.My job as a police officer is to impose accountability to people who refuse, or have never learned, to impose it on themselves. But as every po
31、liceman knows, external controls on peoples behavior are far less effective than internal restraints such as guilt, shame and embarrassment.Fortunately there are still communitiessmaller towns, usuallywhere schools maintain discipline and where parents hold up standards that proclaim: “In this faimi
32、ly certain things are not toleratedthey simply are not done!“Yet more and more, especially in our larger cities and suburbs, these inner restraints are loosening. Your typical robber has none. He considers your property his property; he takes what he wants, including your life if you enrage him.The
33、main cause of this break-down is a radical shift in attitudes. Thirty years ago, if a crime was committed, society was considered the victim. Now, in a shocking reversal, its the criminal who is considered victimized: by his underprivileged upbringing, by the school that didnt teach him to read, by
34、the church that failed to reach him with moral guidance, by the parents who didnt provide a stable home.I dont believe it. Many others in equally disadvantaged circumstances choose not to engage in criminal activities. If we free the criminal, even partly, from accountability, we become a society of
35、 endless excuses where no one accepts responsibility for anything.We in America desperately need more people who believe that the person who commits a crime is the one responsible for it.（分数：10.00）(1).What the wise man said suggests that _.（分数：2.00）A.its unnecessary for good people to do anything in
36、 face of evilB.its certain that evil will prevail if good men do nothing about itC.its only natural for virtue to defest evilD.its desirable for good men to keep away from evil(2).According to the author, if a person is found guilty of a crime, _.（分数：2.00）A.society is to be held responsibleB.modern
37、civilization is responsible for itC.the criminal himself should bear the blameD.the standards of living should be improved(3).Compared with those in small towns, people in large cities have _.（分数：2.00）A.less self-disciplineB.better sense of disciplineC.more mutual respetD.Less effective government(4
38、).The writer is sorry to have noticed that _.（分数：2.00）A.people in large cities tend to excuse criminalsB.people in small towns still stick to old discipline and standardsC.todays society lacks sympathy for people in difficultyD.people in disadvantaged circumstances are engaged in criminal activities
39、(5).The key point of the passage is that _.（分数：2.00）A.stricter discipline should be maintained in schools and familiesB.more good examples should be set for people to followC.more restrictions should be imposed on peoples behaviourD.more people should accept the value of accountabilityBText 4/BStink
40、ing buses, their passengers pale and tired, jam the crowded streets. Drivers shout at one another and honk their horns. Smog smarts the eyes and chokes the senses. The scene is Athens at rush hour. The city of Plato and Pericles is in a sorry state of affairs, built without a plan, lacking even adeq
41、uate sewerage facilities, hemmed in by mountains and the sea, its 135 square miles crammed with 3.7 million pepole. Even Athens ruins are in ruin: sulfur dioxiode eats away at the marble of the Parthenon and other treasures on the Acropolis. As Greek Premier Constantine Karamanlis has said, “The onl
42、y solution for Athens would be to demolish half of it and start all over again.“So great has been the population flow toward the city that entire hinterland villages stand vacant or nearly so. About 120000 people from outlying provinces move to Athens every year, with the result that 40% of Greeces
43、citizenry are now packed into the capital. The migrants come for the few available jobs, which are usually no better than the ones they fled. At the current rate of migration, Athens by the year 2000 will have a population of 6.5 million, more than half the nation.Aside from overcrowding and poor pu
44、blic transport, the biggest problems confronting Athenians are noise and pollution. A government study concluded that Athens was the noisiest city in the world. Smog is almost at killing levels: 180 300 mg of sulfur dioxide per cubic meter of air, or up to four times the level that the World Health
45、Organization considers safe. Nearly half the pollution comes from cars. Despite high prices for vehicles and fuel (2.95 per gallon) ,nearly 100000 automobiles are sold in Greece each year;3000 drivers licenses are issued in Athens monthly.After decades of neglect, Athens is at last getting some atte
46、ntion. In March a committee of representatives from all major public service ministries met to discuss a plan to unclog the city, make it livable and clean up its environment. A save-Athens ministry, which will soon begin functioning, will propose heavy taxes to discourage in-migration, a minimum of
47、 5 billion in public spending for Athens alone, and other projects for the countryside to encourage residents to stay out. A master plan that will move many goverment offices to the citys fringes is already in the works. Meanwhile, more Greeks keep moving into Athens. With few parks and precious few
48、 oxygen-producing plants, the city and its citizens are literally suffocating.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, one of the biggest problems confronting Athenians is noise, which is mainly caused by _.（分数：2.00）A.buildings being demolishedB.highways being repairedC.music being playedD.car horns being used(2).Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage about the causes of overcrowding in Athens?（分数：2.00）A.Athens geographical location.B.The lack of town planning.C.Absence of accommodation.D.Provincial migration.(3).Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passag
