1、考研英语-480 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)With the spread of inter-active electronic media a man alone in his own home will never have been so well placed to fill the inexplicable mental space between cradle and crematorium. So I suspect that books will be pushed more a
2、nd more into those moments of travel or difficult defecation (1) people still dont quite know what to do with.When people do read, I think theyll want to feel they are reading literature, or (2) something serious. (3) youre going to find fewer books presenting themselves as no-nonsense and (4) assum
3、ing literary pretensions and being packaged as works of art. We can expect an extraordinary variety of genre, but with an underlying (5) of sentiment and vision.Translators can only (6) from this desire for the presumably sophisticated. We can look forward to lots of difficult names and fantastic st
4、ories of foreign parts enthusiastically (7) by the overall worship of the “global village. Much of this will be awful and some wonderful, (8) dont expect the press or the organizers of prizes to offer you much help in making the appropriate distinctions. They will be chiefly (9) in creating celebrit
5、y, the greatest enemy of discrimination, but a good prop for the (10) consumer.Every ethnic grouping over the world will have to be seen to have a great writera phenomenon that will (11) a new kind of provincialism, more chronological than geographic, (12) only the strictly contemporary is talked ab
6、out and (13) Universities, including Cambridge, will include (14) their literature syllabus novels, written only last year. (15) occasional exhumation for the Nobel, the achievements of ten or only five years ago will be largely forgotten.In short, you cant go too far wrong when predicting more of t
7、he same. But there is a (16) side to thisthe inevitable reaction against it. The practical things I would like to see happen-publishers seeking less to (17) celebrity through extravagant advertising, (18) and magazines (19) space to reflective piecesare rather more improbable than the Second Coming(
8、耶稣复临). But dullness never quite darkens the whole planet. In their own idiosyncratic fashion a few writers will (20) be looking for new departures.（分数：10.00）A.whenB.thatC.whichD.whereA.in particularB.in generalC.at leastD.by contrastA.SoB.YetC.OnceD.SinceA.fewerB.moreC.lessD.muchA.varietyB.mechanism
9、C.monotoneD.conformityA.benefitB.deriveC.differD.deviateA.contaminatedB.containedC.sustainedD.maintainedA.butB.soC.forD.asA.dedicatedB.concernedC.engagedD.preoccupiedA.devotedB.confusedC.sensibleD.isolatedA.lead toB.point toC.come toD.turn toA.whichB.whereC.whenD.whatA.admiredB.admittedC.abdicatedD.
10、adheredA.atB.inC.onD.forA.GivenB.ConsideringC.BarringD.ConcerningA.negativeB.positiveC.paradoxicalD.controversialA.preventB.exploreC.prohibitD.generateA.NewspapersB.BooksC.MediaD.PeriodicalsA.givesB.givingC.to giveD.giveA.alwaysB.neverC.seldomD.hardly二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0
11、，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Nuclear weapons were first developed in the United States during the Second World War, to be used against Germany. However, by the time the first bombs were ready for use, the war with Germany had ended and, as a result, the decision was made to use the weapons again
12、st Japan instead. Hiroshima and Nagasaki have suffered the consequences of this decision to the present day.The real reasons why bombs were dropped on two heavily-populated cities are not altogether clear. A number of people in 1944 and early 1945 argued that the use of nuclear weapons would be unne
13、cessary, since American Intelligence was aware that some of the most powerful and influential people in Japan had already realized that the war was lost, and wanted to negotiate a Japanese surrender. It was also argued that, since Japan has few natural resources, a blockade by the American navy woul
14、d force it to surrender within a few weeks, and the use of nuclear weapons would thus prove unnecessary. If a demonstration of force was required to end the war, a bomb could be dropped over an unpopulated area like a desert, in front of Japanese observers, or over an area of low population inside J
15、apan, such as a forest. Opting for this course of action might minimize the loss of further lives on all sides, while the power of nuclear weapons would still be adequately demonstrated.All of these arguments were rejected, however, and the general consensus was that the quickest way to end the figh
16、ting would be to use nuclear weapons against canters of population inside Japan. In fact, two of the more likely reasons why this decision was reached seem quite shocking to us now.Since the beginning of the Second World War both Germany and Japan had adopted a policy of genocide (i. e. killing as m
17、any people as possible, including civilians). Later on, even the US and Britain had used the strategy of fire bombing cities ( Dresden and Tokyo, for example) in order to kill, injure and intimidate as many civilians as possible. Certainly, the general public in the West had become used to hearing a
18、bout the deaths of large numbers of people, so the deaths of another few thousand Japanese, who were the enemy in any case, would not seem particularly unacceptable-a bit of “justifiable“ revenge for the Allies own losses, perhaps.The second reason is not much easier to comprehend. Some of the leadi
19、ng scientists in the world had collaborated to develop nuclear weapons, and this development had resulted in a number of major advances in technology and scientific knowledge. As a result, a lot of normal, intelligent people wanted to see nuclear weapons used; they wanted to see just how destructive
20、 this new invention could be. It no doubt turned out to be even more “effective“ than they had imagined.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, nuclear weapons were initially designed to（分数：2.00）A.force Japan to surrender in the Second World War.B.end the war with Germany in the Second World War.C.t
21、ake a revenge on the Japanese invaders.D.take a revenge on the German soldiers.(2).According to the second paragraph, nuclear weapons are not necessary because（分数：2.00）A.the Japanese have a limited amount of natural resource.B.the US could find other ways to force Japan to surrender.C.the people in
22、Hiroshima and Nagasaki are innocent.D.the Japanese rulers were already negotiating a surrender.(3).It is implied in the passage that western people at the time（分数：2.00）A.were indifferent to the deaths of the civilians in an enemy country.B.were sympathetic with the deaths of the Japanese civilians.C
23、.were taking a justifiable revenge on the Japanese troops.D.were intimidated when hearing about the death in Japan.(4).We can infer from the last paragraph that（分数：2.00）A.scientific knowledge and technical advance may lead to mass destruction.B.cooperation by scientists will often result in technica
24、l advances.C.nuclear weapons have made normal, intelligent people crazy.D.nuclear weapons were more powerful than expected.(5).The authors attitude towards this issue of using nuclear weapons against Japan seems to be（分数：2.00）A.puzzled.B.critical.C.supportive.D.objective.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)When
25、 Marine Lt. Alan Zarracina finally did the splits after months of struggling with the difficult pose in yoga class, the limber women around him applauded.Zarracina, a 24-year-old Naval Academy graduate and flight student, admits he would have a hard time explaining the scene to other Marines. Each c
26、lass ends with a chant for peace. Then, instructor Nancy La Nasa hands students incense sticks as a gift for their 90 minutes of back bends, shoulder stands and other challenging positions. Zarracina has tried to drag some of his military friends to class, but they make fun of hint. “Its not necessa
27、rily considered masculine, he said.Still, the popular classes, based on ancient Hindu practices of meditation through controlled breathing, balancing and stretching, are catching on in military circles as a way to improve flexibility, balance and concentration. A former Navy SEAL told Zarracina abou
28、t the class.The August edition of Fit Yoga, the nations second-largest yoga magazine with a circulation of 100,000, features a photo of two Naval aviators doing yoga poses in full combat gear aboard an aircraft carrier. “At first it seemed a little shocking-soldiers practicing such a peaceful art,“
29、writes editor Rita Trieger. Upon closer inspection, she said, she noticed “a sense of inner calm on the aviators faces. “War is hell, and if yoga can help them find a little solace, thats good, said Trieger, a longtime New York yoga instructor.Retired Adm. Tom Steffens, who spent34 years as a Navy S
30、EAL and served as the director of the elite corps training, regularly practices yoga at his home in Norfolk, Va. “Once in a while Ill sit in class, and everyone is a 20-something young lady with a 10-inch waist and here I am this old guy, he joked. Steffens, who said the stretching helped him elimin
31、ate the stiffness of a biceps injury after surgery, said the benefits of regular practice can be enormous. “The yoga cured all kinds of back pains,“ he said. “Being a SEAL, you beat up your body.“Yoga breathing exercises can help SEALs with their diving, and learning to control the body by remaining
32、 in unusual positions can help members stay in confined spaces for long periods, he said. “The ability to stay focused on something, whether on breathing or on the yoga practice, and not be drawn off course, that has a lot of connection to the military,“ he said. “In our SEAL basic training, there a
33、re many things that are yoga-like in nature.（分数：10.00）(1).Alan thought it is difficult to explain the scene to his fellow Marines because（分数：2.00）A.yoga is a peaceful meditation process.B.yoga is thought to be a little feminine.C.only women would attend a yoga class.D.Marine soldiers hate to chant f
34、or peace.(2).We can infer from the passage that yoga（分数：2.00）A.has been popular ever since its advent in India.B.is an ancient Hindu practice of meditation.C.focuses on improving muscular strength.D.is becoming increasingly popular among soldiers.(3).Trieger seems to believe that（分数：2.00）A.practicin
35、g yoga can provide soldiers with some sort of relief.B.doing yoga poses in full combat gear is shocking for soldiers.C.soldiers should be peaceful instead of being too masculine.D.military practices of yoga should be done with closer inspection.(4).According to Steffens, practicing yoga（分数：2.00）A.he
36、lps exercisers remain young.B.is very effective in relieving back pains,C.helps exercisers realize the potentials of their bodies.D.are good for forming a habit of doing things in a regular pattern.(5).We can learn from the last paragraph that（分数：2.00）A.practicing yoga can have practical military us
37、es.B.soldiers need to be focused in important missions.C.yoga will soon become a part of SEAL basic training.D.military trainings should design yoga into their program.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)During the past 15 years, the most important component of executive pay packages, and the one .most responsi
38、ble for the large increase in the level of such compensation, has been stock-option grants. The increased use of option grants was justified as a way to align executives interests with shareholders. For various tax, accounting, and regulatory reasons, stock-option grants have largely comprised “at-t
39、he-money options“: rights to purchase shares at an “exercise price“ equal to the companys stock price on the grant date. In such at-the-money options, the selection of the grant date for awarding options determines the options exercise price and thus can have a significant effect on their value.Earl
40、ier research by financial economists on backdating practices focused on the extent to which the companys stock price went up abnormally after the grant date, My colleagues and I focused instead on how a grant-dates price ranked in the distribution of stock prices during the month of the grant. Study
41、ing the universe of about 19,000 at-the-money, unscheduled grants awarded to public companies CEOs during the decade 1996-2005, we found a clear relation between the likelihood of a days being selected as a grant date for awarding options, and the rank of the days stock price within the price distri
42、bution of the month: a day was most likely to be chosen if the stock price was at the lowest level of the month, second most likely to be chosen if the price was at the second-lowest level, and so forth. There is an especially large incidence of “lucky grants“ (defined as grants awarded on days on w
43、hich the stock price was at the lowest level of the month): 12 percent of all CEO option grants were lucky grants, while only 4 percent were awarded at the highest price of the month.The passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in August 2002 required firms to report grants within two days of any award. Mo
44、st firms complied with this requirement, but more than 20 percent of grants continued to be reported after a long delay. Thus, the legislation could be expected to reduce but not eliminate backdating. The patterns of CEO luck are consistent with this expectation: the percentage of grants that were l
45、ucky was a high 15 percent before enactment of the law, and declined to a lower, but still abnormally high, level of 8 percent afterwards.Altogether, we estimate that about 1,150 CEO stock-option grants owed their financially advantageous status to opportunistic timing rather than to mere luck. This
46、 practice was spread over a significant number of CEOs and firms: we estimate that about 850 CEOs ( about 10 percent) and about 720 firms ( about 12 percent) received or provided such lucky grants. In addition, we estimate that about 550 additional grants at the second-lowest or third-lowest price o
47、f the month owed their status to opportunistic timing.The cases that have come under scrutiny thus far have led to a widespread impression that opportunistic timing has been primarily concentrated in “new economy“ firms. But while the frequency of lucky grants has been somewhat higher in such firms,
48、 more than 80 percent of the opportunistically timed grants have been awarded in other sectors. Indeed, there is a significantly higher-than-normal incidence of lucky grants in each of the economys 12 industries.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, more stock-options were granted to executives be
49、cause（分数：2.00）A.responsibilities increase very fast on the shoulders of the executives.B.they account for a very important part in executives pay package.C.shareowners intend to tie executives interests with their own.D.shareholders expect executives to buy stocks at exercise price.(2).The main purpose of the authors study is to find out（分数：2.00）A.how the companys stock price went up after the grant date.B.how stock price distribution influence the rank of granted price.C.how backdating practices influence the value of stock shares.D.how the granted
