1、考研英语-试卷 186 及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_Nowadays, more people are living closer together, and they use machines to produce le
2、isure. As a result, they find that their leisure, and even their working hours, become (1)_ by a byproduct of their machines, (2)_ noise. Noise is in the news; it has acquired political (3)_, and public opinion is demanding, more and more (4)_, that something (5)_ about it. To control noise is to de
3、mand much (6)_(Annoyance arises often from, (7)_ of common courtesy), a sense of proportion (There is usually a (8)_ of interest if a noise is to be stopped), the (9)_ of money (and it is far more economical to do this early (10)_ than late), and, finally, technical knowledge. Though the (11)_ care
4、for noise is to stop it at its source, this may in many (12)_ be impossible. The next (13)_ is to absorb it on its way to the ear. Domestic noises may be controlled by forethought and (14)_, and industrial noises by good planning and technical (15)_ But if we are going to (16)_ fast motor-cycles and
5、 heavy (17)_ lorries to pass continuously through residential and business (18)_, the community must decide (19)_ the control it needs to (20)_ for in the long run it has got to pay for it.（分数：40.00）A.damagedB.spoiltC.destroyedD.interferedA.unexpectedlyB.namelyC.ideallyD.swiftlyA.standardB.statusC.p
6、ositionD.situationA.persistentlyB.permanentlyC.insistentlyD.stubbornlyA.be doneB.to be doneC.is doneD.being doneA.self-confidenceB.self-relianceC.self-disciplineD.self-respect.A.reasonB.lackC.virtueD.deficiencyA.controversyB.contrastC.contradictionD.conflictA.accumulationB.expenditureC.depreciationD
7、.distributionA.otherB.moreC.ratherD.betterA.hopefulB.definiteC.idealD.expectedA.casesB.conditionsC.presentationsD.circumstancesA.remedyB.solutionC.methodD.procedureA.courtesyB.meditationC.politenessD.precautionA.perfectionB.improvementC.investigationD.adoptionA.allowB.letC.prohibitD.approveA.dieselB
8、.decentC.decibelD.datumA.districtsB.regionsC.zonesD.territoriesA.forB.atC.withD.onA.practiceB.exerciseC.obtainD.acquire二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C
9、 or D._A new era is upon us. Call it what you will: the service economy, the information age, the knowledge society. It is all translated to a fundamental change in the way we work. Already we“ve partly been there. The percentage of people who earn their living by making things has fallen dramatical
10、ly in the Western World. Today the majority of jobs in America, Europe and Japan (two thirds or more in many of these countries) are in the service industry, and the number is on the rise. More women are in the work force than ever before. There are more part time jobs. More people are self-employed
11、. But the breadth of the economic transformation can“t be measured by numbers alone, because it is also giving rise to a radical new way of thinking about the nature of work itself. Long-held notions about jobs and careers, the skills needed to succeed, even the relation between individuals and empl
12、oyersall these are being changed. We have only to look behind us to get some sense of what may lie ahead No one looking ahead 20 years possibly could have foreseen the ways in which d single invention, the chip(芯片), would transform our world thanks to its applications in personal computers, digital
13、communications and factory robots. Tomorrow“s achievements in biotechnology, artificial Intelligence or even some still unimagined technology could produce a similar wave of dramatic changes. But one thing is certain: information and knowledge will become even more vital, and the people who possess
14、it, whether they work in manufacturing or services, will have the advantage and produce the wealth. Computer knowledge will become as basic a requirement as the ability to read and write. The ability to solve problems by applying information instead of performing routine tasks will be above all else
15、. If you cast your mind ahead 10 years, information services will be predominant. It will be the way you do your job.（分数：10.00）(1).A characteristic of the information age is that_（分数：2.00）A.the service industry is relying more and more on the female work forceB.manufacturing industries are steadily
16、increasingC.people find it harder to earn a living by working in factoriesD.most of the job opportunities can now be found in service industry(2).One of the great changes brought about by the knowledge Society is that_（分数：2.00）A.the difference between the employee and the employer has become insigni
17、ficantB.people“s traditional concepts about work no longer hold trueC.most people have to take part-time jobsD.people have to change their jobs from time to time(3).By referring to computers and other inventions, the author means to say that_（分数：2.00）A.people should be able to respond quickly to the
18、 advancement of technologyB.future achievements in technology will bring about inconceivable dramatic changesC.the importance of high technology has been overlookedD.computer science will play a leading role in the future information services(4).The future will probably belong to those who _（分数：2.00
19、）A.possess and know how to make use of informationB.give full play to their brain potentialC.involve themselves in the, service industryD.cast their minds ahead instead of looking back(5).Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?_（分数：2.00）A.Computers and the Knowledge SocietyB.
20、Service Industries in Modem SocietyC.Features and Implications of the New EraD.Rapid Advancement of Information TechnologyThe topic of thought is one area of psychology, and many observers have considered this aspect in connection with robots and computers: some of the old worries about Al (artifici
21、al intelligence) were closely linked to the question of whether“ computers could think. The first massive electronic computers, capable of rapid (if often unreliable) computation and little or no creative activity, were soon named “electronic brains“. A reaction to this terminology quickly followed.
22、 To put them in their place, computers were called “high-speed idiots“, an effort to protect human vanity. But not everyone realized the implications of the expression: “high-speed idiot“. It has not been pointed out often enough that even the human idiot is one of the most intelligent life forms on
23、 the earth. If the early computers were even that intelligent, it was already a remarkable state of affairs. One consequence from studying the possibility of computer thought was that we were forced to examine with new care the idea of thought in general. It soon became clear that we were not sure w
24、hat we meant by such terms as thought and thinking. We tend to assume that human beings think, some more than others, though we often call people thoughtless or unthinking. Dreams cause a problem, partly because they usually happen outside our control. They are obviously some types of mental experie
25、nce, but are they a type of thinking? And the question of nonhuman life forms adds further problems. Many of us would maintain that some of the higher animalsdogs, cats, apes, and so onare capable of at least basic thought, but what about fish and insects? It is certainly true that the higher mammal
26、s show complex brain activity when tested with the appropriate equipment. If thinking is demonstrated by evident electrical activity in the brain, then many animal species are capable of thought. Once we have formulated clear ideas on what thought is in biological creatures, it will be easier to dis
27、cuss the question of thought in artificial machines. One of the great benefits of AI research is that we are being forced to examine more closely the working of the human mind. It is already clear that machines have superior mental abilities to many life forms. No tree can play chess as well as even
28、 the simplest computer; nor can frogs repair car bodies as well as robots. It seems that, viewed in terms of intellect, the computer should be set well above plants and most animals. Only the higher“ animals can compete with computers with regard to intellect.（分数：10.00）(1).The first massive electron
29、ic computers were_（分数：2.00）A.slow and reliableB.creative and accurateC.large and fastD.only capable of additions(2).By calling these early computers “high-speed idiots“, people were really implying that computers _（分数：2.00）A.would never be capable of thinkingB.were already somewhat intelligentC.can
30、never work as rapidly as peopleD.would be as clever as normal human beings(3).We may believe that such words as thought and thinking_（分数：2.00）A.are terms that are not clear and will never be exactly definedB.might come to be better understood because of research into A1C.have precise biological mean
31、ings that refer only to human mental processesD.should not be used to describe computers(4).It seems that mental activities are characteristic of_（分数：2.00）A.all plants and animalsB.some insectsC.human beingsD.some machines(5).The word “idiot“ (Para. 1) probably means_（分数：2.00）A.a profound personB.a
32、mental patientC.a mental disturbed personD.a foolish or stupid personThe importance and focus of the interview in the work of the print and broadcast journalist is reflected in several books that have been written on the topic. Most of these books, as well as several chapters, mainly in, but not lim
33、ited to, journalism and broadcasting handbooks and reporting texts, stress the “flow to“ aspects of journalistic interviewing rather than the conceptual aspects of the interview, its context, and implications. Much of the “how to“ material is based on personal experiences and general impressions. As
34、 we know, in journalism as in other fields, much can be learned from the systematic study of professional practice. Such study brings together evidence from which broad generalized principles can be developed. There is, as has been suggested, a growing body of research literature in journalism and b
35、roadcasting, but very little significant attention has been devoted to the study of the interview itself. On the other hand, many general texts as well as numerous research articles on interviewing in fields other than journalism have been written. Many of these books and articles present the theore
36、tical and empirical aspects of the interview as well as the training of the interviewers. Unhappily, this plentiful general literature about interviewing pays little attention to the journalistic interview, which seems to be surprising for two reasons. First, it seems likely that most people in mode
37、m Western societies are more familiar, at least in a positive manner, with journalistic interviewing than any other form of interviewing. Most of us are probably somewhat familiar with the clinical interview, such as that conducted by physicians and psychologists. In these situations the professiona
38、l person or interviewer is interested in getting information necessary for the diagnosis and treatment of the person seeking help. Another familiar situation is the job interview. However, very few of us have actually been interviewed personally by the mass media, particularly by television. And yet
39、, we have a vivid acquaintance with the journalistic interview by virtue of our roles as readers, listeners, and viewers. Even so, the understanding of the journalistic interview, especially television interviews, requires thoughtful analyses and even study, as this book indicates.（分数：10.00）(1).The
40、key point of the first paragraph is that_（分数：2.00）A.generalized principles for journalistic interviews are the chief concern for writers on journalismB.importance should be attached to the systematic study of journalistic interviewingC.concepts and contextual implications are of secondary importance
41、 to journalistic interviewingD.personal experiences and general impressions should be excluded from journalistic interviews(2).Much research has been done on interviews in general_（分数：2.00）A.so the training of journalistic interviewers has likewise been strengthenedB.though the study of the intervie
42、wing techniques hasn“t received much attentionC.but journalistic interviewing as a specific field has unfortunately been neglectedD.personal experiences and general impressions should be excluded from journalistic interviews(3).Westerners are familiar with the journalistic interview,_（分数：2.00）A.but
43、most of them wish to stay away from itB.and many of them hope to be interviewed some dayC.and many of them would like to acquire a true understanding of itD.but most of them may not have been interviewed in person(4).Who is the interviewee in a clinical interview?_（分数：2.00）A.The patientB.The physici
44、anC.The journalistD.The psychologist(5).The article is most likely a part of_（分数：2.00）A.a news articleB.a journalistic interviewC.a research reportD.a prefaceThere is extraordinary exposure in the United States to the risks of injury and death from motor vehicle accidents. More than 80 percent of al
45、l households own passenger cars or light trucks and each of these is driven an average of more than 11,000 miles each year. Almost one-half of fatally injured drivers have a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.1 percent or higher. For the average adult, over five ounces of 80 proof spirits would
46、have to be consumed over a short period of time to attain these levels. One third of drivers who have been drinking, but fewer than 4 percent of all drivers, demonstrate these levels. Although less than 1 percent of drives with BACs of 0.1 percent or more are involved in fatal crashed, the probabili
47、ty of their involvements is 27 times higher than for those without alcohol in their blood. There are a number of different approaches to reducing injuries in which drinking plays a role. Based on the observation that excessive consumption correlates with the total alcohol consumption of the country“
48、s population, it has been suggested that higher taxes on alcohol would reduce both. While the heaviest drinkers would be taxed the most, anyone who drinks at all would be punished by this approach. To make drinking and driving a criminal offense is an approach directed only at drinking drivers. In some states, the law empowers police to request breath tests of drivers committing any traffic offense and higher BAC can be basis for arrest. The National Highway Traffic Safe
