1、考研英语（阅读）-试卷 186 及答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.（分数：10.00）_“Always“. “Never“. These are probably the two most
2、powerful words in the English language. Even more powerful than yes and no, since saying yes(or no)applies to the moment or subject at hand, while saying “always“ or “never“ sets the tone for everything to come. The two words can be powerful in a beneficial way, or in an adversely negative way. If y
3、ou use “always“ in affirmations such as “I am always increasing my level of joy and aliveness“, or “I am always growing nearer and nearer to my divine reality“, or “I am always at the right place at the right time“, etc. , then these uses of the word “always“ become an empowerment. However, when we
4、use the word “always“ in negative situations, such as “I always get it wrong“, or “I always catch a cold“, etc. then we are “creating our reality“ in a powerful way. The use of the word ALWAYS is very powerful, so is the use of NEVER. While I encourage you to find empowering ways to use the word “al
5、ways“, I also encourage you to drop completely the word NEVER. One cannot use that word positively? Even if you say “I never catch a cold“, or “My husband never cheats on me“, or whatever, the focus is still on something you don“t want in your lifea cold, a cheating husband, etc. It is better to rep
6、lace those statements(and thoughts)with “I am always healthy“, or if you“re not quite comfortable with that statement, then say “Each day, I get healthier and healthier“. Or rather than focus on the picture of a cheating husband, better to focus on “My husband is always faithful to me“, or “My husba
7、nd and I are faithful and honest with each other“. You can ask your subconscious to help you root out your use of the word “always“ and the word “never“. Ask your subconscious to alert you when you use those words whether in thought or conversation. When you catch yourself “creating your reality“ in
8、 a way that does not meet your highest vision of a happy life, then rephrase your thought or statement. If you find yourself saying “ I always“ followed by a negative projection, you could, at the least, replace the “always“ with “in the past, I . . . “(omitting the word “always“ or “never“). In thi
9、s way, you at least keep that picture tied to your past, and free your future for something which is more in keeping with your dreams and vision for yourself. I leave you with these thoughts: May you always be blessed with many wonderfull experiences. May your heart always be full of love for yourse
10、lf and for others. So be it!（分数：10.00）(1).The text suggests that_.（分数：2.00）A.the word “never“ cannot be powerful in a beneficial wayB.the word “always“ can only be powerful in a positive wayC.the use of the word “always“ is creating a reality powerfullyD.yes and “no“ should be replaced by “always“ a
11、nd “never“(2).According to the author, the word “always“_.（分数：2.00）A.is usually used to talk about happiness in our livesB.may be used either in a beneficial or in a negative wayC.is used more in a beneficial way than in a negative wayD.can be extremely powerful when used in a negative way(3).The au
12、thor maintains that the word “never“_.（分数：2.00）A.can scarcely be used positivelyB.can sometimes be used positivelyC.can be used in an empowering wayD.should be used in a negative situation(4).In the author“s opinion, the word “always“_.（分数：2.00）A.should be discarded completelyB.should be used more s
13、ubconsciouslyC.should be used to talk about past eventsD.should be less used in negative situations(5).The author insists that_.（分数：2.00）A.what you prefer to “always“ have in your life, just say soB.everybody is always blessed with love and great happinessC.your future is based on your dreams and vi
14、sion for yourselfD.whatever you say or whatever you dream will come true somedayIn May, USA Today reported that the federal government is collecting data on the phone calls made and received by tens of million of Americans. According to the program“s defenders, your grocery store, your cable company
15、, and your credit card company can identify you based on your phone number, but the National Security Agency(NSA)can“t. At least, that“s the implication when people say the database is legal because the information in it has been “anonymized“i. e. , stripped of names and addresses. But phone numbers
16、 can readily be linked to names and addresses using publicly available information. The claim that there“ s really nothing personal or private about the phone call records which tell the NSA who calls whom, when, and for how longis a tenuous basis for defending data collection that ordinarily requir
17、es a court order or the customer“s consent. One major phone company, Qwest, refused to give the NSA its customers“ records. Officials there knew they could face hefty penalties under at least two statutes, the Communications Act and the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, if they revealed this in
18、formation without their customers“ permission unless they were legally required to do so. The NSA“s defenders cite Qwest“s refusal as evidence the program is voluntary and therefore legal. In fact, it indicates just the opposite: Had Qwest been presented with a lawful subpoena or court order demandi
19、ng the data, it almost certainly would have complied. If it hadn“t, the government could have forced it to do so. Instead, USA Today reported, the NSA resorted to extra-legal methods, pressuring the phone companies to divulge the data through appeals to patriotism, warnings about terrorism, and thre
20、ats of lost government contracts. Presumably it took this route because it would have had a hard time convincing the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court that every American“s phone records were “relevant“ to a terrorism investigation. Maybe the NSA shouldn“t have to meet that standard when it do
21、es automated analyses of such data aimed at preventing terrorist attacks. If so, there“s a simple solution: Ask Congress to change the relevant statutes. Otherwise, divulging the records to the government violates the law.（分数：10.00）(1).It was reported that the federal government is_.（分数：2.00）A.defen
22、ding its right to collect data on the phone calls of peopleB.collecting data on the phone calls of people for security reasonsC.interested in getting the personal information of average citizensD.following the example of credit card companies in data collection(2).The National Security Agency believ
23、es that it is legal_.（分数：2.00）A.to collect “anonymized“ personal informationB.to link phone numbers to names and addressesC.to use publicly available information in data analysisD.to identify and accuse anyone based on phone call records(3).The NSA“s defenders state that phone call records_.（分数：2.00
24、）A.are frequently used by various institutionsB.can be used without the customer“s consentC.are nothing but publicly available informationD.can hardly be considered as private information(4).The example of Qwest is cited by the NSA“s defenders to prove that phone data collection_.（分数：2.00）A.faces se
25、vere penaltiesB.requires a court orderC.is permitted by the lawD.is forbidden by statutes(5).The author argues that at present_.（分数：2.00）A.revealing call records to the NSA is illegalB.collecting data for national security is legalC.communications statutes have to be modifiedD.preventing terrorism i
26、s a matter of great urgencyDivorce is one of those creations, like fast food and lite rock, that has more people willing to indulge Zin it than people willing to defend it. Back in the 1960s, easier divorce was hailed as a needed remedy for toxic relationships. But familiarity has bred contempt . In
27、 recent years, the divorce revolution has been blamed for worsening all sorts of problems without bringing happiness to people in unhappy marriages. There“s a lot of evidence that marital breakup does more social harm than good. In their 2000 book, The Case for Marriage, Linda Waite and Maggie Galla
28、gher document that adults who are married do better than singles in wealth, health, and personal satisfaction. Children living with a divorced or unwed single parent are more likely to fall into poverty, sickness, and crime than other kids. Marriage is a good thing, most people agree, while divorce
29、is, at best, a necessary evil. So the laws that accompanied the divorce revolution have come under fire for destroying families and weakening safeguards for spouses who keep their vows. Waite and Gallagher argue that loose divorce laws harm even intact households by fostering chronic uncertainty. Lo
30、uisiana, in line with this criticism, has gone so far as to provide a “covenant marriage“ option for couples who want the protection of stricter divorce rules. It may seem obvious that easier divorce laws make for more divorce and more insecurity. But what is obvious is not necessarily true. What tw
31、o scholars have found is that when you make divorce easier to get, you may actually produce better marriages. In the old days, anyone who wanted to escape from the trials of wedlock had to get his or her spouse to agree to a split, or else go to court to prove the partner had done something terribly
32、 wrong(such as committing adultery). The 1960s and 70s“, brought “no-fault“ divorce, which is also known as “unilateral divorce“, since either party can bring it about without the consent of the other. The first surprise is that looser divorce laws have actually had little effect on the number of ma
33、rriages that fall apart. Economist Justin Wolfers of Stanford University, in a study published by the National Bureau of Economic Research(NBER), found that when California passed a no-fault divorce law in 1970, the divorce rate jumped, then fell back to its old leveland then fell some more. That wa
34、s also the pattern in other states that loosened their laws. Over time, he estimates, the chance that a first marriage would break up rose by just one-fourth of one percentage point, which is next to nothing.（分数：10.00）(1).By saying “familiarity has bred contempt“, the author means that_.（分数：2.00）A.f
35、amiliar people tend to despise each otherB.divorce revolution has become unwelcomeC.divorced people are always held in contemptD.familiarity contributes to unhappy marriages(2).According to the book, The Case for Marriage, divorce_.（分数：2.00）A.serves as a trigger for juvenile delinquencyB.harms healt
36、h, and lessens personal satisfactionC.is the primary reason for poverty and sicknessD.does harm to both adults and children involved(3).Most people believe that easier divorce laws_.（分数：2.00）A.are needed to remedy marital breakupB.bring happiness to unhappy marriagesC.are desirable to reduce the div
37、orce rateD.inflict chronic insecurity on marriages(4).The author argues that loose divorce laws may_.（分数：2.00）A.improve marriages and not promote divorceB.raise divorce rate and cause more insecurityC.impel more people to choose to get divorcedD.help people escape from the trials of wedlock(5).The n
38、o-fault divorce law_.（分数：2.00）A.was hailed when it was passedB.caused the divorce rate to jumpC.failed to make for more divorceD.created more one-parent familiesDeviance is defined as any act, belief or action that results in the disapproval of any members of society. Much of the scorn that people f
39、ace in society today is a result of situational deviance(that which is regarded as regular in one community may be considered deviant in another). It is because of situational deviance that literally every person could be labeled a deviant by some. With so many different value and belief systems occ
40、urring simultaneously throughout the planet, systems that often conflict with one another, it is impossible for anyone to be considered “normal“ in every society on earth. Take this example: a member of a street gang assisting in an armed robbery with fellow gang members. This act is seen as deviant
41、 within most cultures and organizations throughout the planet, but fellow criminals or members of the gang may scorn those who do NOT participate in such acts, as they are viewed as cowards or fools. This proves that regardless of how a person acts or what beliefs they hold they are destined to face
42、 scorn from some members of the population, which makes everyone deviant to some extent. You might be asking why: if everyone is considered deviant to some extent, only a small portion of the population is punished by the law. Many times laws reflect the values of the majority of a population. This
43、means that as long as an act is considered to be acceptable by most of the local population, this will most likely be reflected in the laws of the community. This is not always the case, as sometimes laws are simply reflective of the values of those in power and do not reflect the beliefs of the maj
44、ority of the population(euthanasia and homosexual marriage are two controversial laws). This is not to say that all acts that are deemed deviant are criminal. Many non-criminal acts are considered by many to be deviant, while some acts that are against the law may be seen as legitimate by a majority
45、 of society. Many people view the legal activity of purchasing pornography as deviant, while many more consider mercy killing(or euthanasia)to be acceptable or even commendable despite the fact that this act is often illegal. Virtually every human being on the face of the earth has been scorned or s
46、tigmatized at one point or another. This is simply the result of an ever changing, diverse, and multicultural planet, and it is humanity“s beliefs and values that separate the human race from other animals.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the text, situational deviance refers to_.（分数：2.00）A.a behavior see
47、n as deviant only in a particular cultureB.much of the scorn faced by people in modern societyC.an act that is considered illegal in specific occasionsD.severe social disapproval of personal characteristics(2).The example of a street gang member is given to show that_.（分数：2.00）A.there are numerous v
48、alue and belief systemsB.everyone may be seen as deviant somewhereC.belief systems often run up against each otherD.giving aid to an armed robbery is a deviant act(3).We learn from the text that a deviant behavior is_.（分数：2.00）A.usually acceptable to ordinary peopleB.seen as unacceptable by most peo
49、pleC.unlikely to be reflected in the lawsD.not necessarily considered illegal(4).The example of euthanasia shows that _.（分数：2.00）A.a law may fail to reflect the values of the majorityB.a legal act may well be unacceptable to most peopleC.euthanasia is inconsistent with homosexual marriageD.an illegal act is probably both
