1、考研英语（一）-试卷 186 及答案解析(总分：144.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_A new study published in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B by the tea
2、ms of Dr. Gregory West and Dr. Veronique Bohbot shows that【B1】_ video game players (VGPs) 【B2】_ more efficient visual attention abilities, they are【B3】_much more likely to use navigation strategies that【B4】_on the brains reward system and not the brains spatial memory system. Past research has shown
3、 that people who【B5】_the reward system-dependent navigation strategies have decreased grey matter and【B6】_functional brain activity in the memory system. However, the effects of intense video gaming on the brain are only beginning to be【B7】_. The study was conducted【B8】_a group of adult gamers who w
4、ere spending at least six hours per week on this activity. “ For more than a decade now, research has demonstrated that action video game players display more【B9】_visual attention abilities, and our【B10】_study has once again confirmed this【B11】_says first author Dr. Gregory West. “【B12】_ , we also f
5、ound that gamers rely on the reward system to a greater【B13】_than non-gamers. Past research has shown that people who rely on the reward-system-dependent strategies have lower grey matter and functional brain activity in the hippocampus. This means that people who spend a lot of time playing video g
6、ames may have【B14】_hippocampal integrity, which is associated with an increased risk of neurological disorders【B15】_Alzheimer s disease.“ 【B16】_past research has shown video games as having positive effects on attention , it is important for future research to confirm that gaming does not have a【B17
7、】_effect on the hippocampus. Future research using neuroimaging will be necessary to further【B18】_our current findings, and these studies should investigate the【B19】_effects of specific video games【B20】_the integrity of the reward system and hippocampus.（分数：40.00）(1).【B1】（分数：2.00）A.whileB.untilC.asD
8、.unless(2).【B2】（分数：2.00）A.acquireB.assessC.measureD.exhibit(3).【B3】（分数：2.00）A.insteadB.alsoC.thusD.again(4).【B4】（分数：2.00）A.focusB.countC.relyD.check(5).【B5】（分数：2.00）A.planB.followC.offerD.employ(6).【B6】（分数：2.00）A.greaterB.lowerC.sharperD.higher(7).【B7】（分数：2.00）A.expressedB.rememberedC.understoodD.fo
9、reseen(8).【B8】（分数：2.00）A.withB.forC.byD.among(9).【B9】（分数：2.00）A.effectiveB.competentC.efficientD.sufficient(10).【B10】（分数：2.00）A.previousB.currentC.originalD.rigorous(11).【B11】（分数：2.00）A.conceptB.notionC.conceptionD.theory(12).【B12】（分数：2.00）A.OtherwiseB.MoreoverC.ThereforeD.However(13).【B13】（分数：2.00）
10、A.pointB.scaleC.degreeD.rate(14).【B14】（分数：2.00）A.reducedB.augmentedC.boostedD.reflected(15).【B15】（分数：2.00）A.similar toB.along withC.such asD.aside from(16).【B16】（分数：2.00）A.SupposeB.UnlessC.WhereasD.Because(17).【B17】（分数：2.00）A.negativeB.minimalC.profoundD.conspicuous(18).【B18】（分数：2.00）A.completeB.qua
11、lifyC.withdrawD.emphasize(19).【B19】（分数：2.00）A.occasionalB.predictableC.directD.dubious(20).【B20】（分数：2.00）A.forB.withC.onD.into二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：60.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing
12、A, B, C or D._It is a movement building steady momentum; a call to make research data, software code and experimental methods publicly available and transparent. A spirit of openness is gaining traction in the science community, and is the only way, say advocates, to address a “crisis“ in science wh
13、ereby too few findings are successfully reproduced. Furthermore, they say, it is the best way for researchers to gather the range of observations that are necessary to speed up discoveries or to identify large-scale trends. The open-data shift poses a conundrum for junior researchers, who are carvin
14、g out their niche. On the one hand, the drive to share is gathering official steam. Since 2013, global scientific bodiesincluding the European Commission, the U. S. Office of Science and Technology Policy and the Global Research Councilhave begun to back policies that support increased public access
15、 to research. On the other hand, scientists disagree about how much and when they should share data, and they debate whether sharing it is more likely to accelerate science and make it more robust, or to introduce vulnerabilities and problems. As more journals and funders adopt data-sharing requirem
16、ents, and as agrowing number of enthusiasts call for more openness, junior researchers must find their place between adopters and those who continue to hold out, even as they strive to launch their own careers. One key challenge facing young scientists is how to be open without becoming scientifical
17、ly vulnerable. They must determine the risk of jeopardizing a job offer or a collaboration proposal from those who are wary ofor unfamiliar withopen science. And they must learn how to capitalize on the movements benefits, such as opportunities for more citations and a way to build a reputation with
18、out the need for conventional metrics, such as publication in high-impact journals. And although there is a time cost associated with uploading and organizing raw data, subsequent queries can often be averted by adding reader-friendly instructions at the start. Hogg recommends that researchers simul
19、taneously upload tutorials and examples of how to use the content. In the end, sharing data, software and materials with colleagues can help an early-career researcher to garner recognitiona crucial component of success. “The thing you are searching for is reputation,“ says Titus Brown, a genomics r
20、esearcher at the University of California, Davis. “To get grants and jobs, you have to be relevant and achieve some level of public recognition. Anything you do that advances your presenceespecially in a larger sphere, outside the communities you knowis a net win.“（分数：10.00）(1).It is generally belie
21、ved that data sharing（分数：2.00）A.goes against the interests of researchers.B.makes research findings more reproducible.C.will benefit the scientific community.D.can produce a range of new discoveries.(2).The reaction of junior researchers to the trend seems to be（分数：2.00）A.doubtful.B.puzzled.C.enthus
22、iastic.D.confident.(3).To embrace the change, it is crucial that young scientists（分数：2.00）A.curb their ambitions to seek fame.B.stay away from risks in job offers.C.overcome their human weaknesses.D.make full use of its potential benefits.(4).According to the author, uploading raw materials is advis
23、able in that（分数：2.00）A.the content is easier for readers to use.B.it conforms to the practice of academic journals.C.the effort may save readers some troubles.D.it arouses further questions from the readers.(5).Browns comments suggest that the move to make scientific findings transparent（分数：2.00）A.p
24、revents malpractices in scientific communities.B.no longer emphasizes relevant achievements.C.helps young researchers secure recognition.D.complies with the conventions of science.This week, many Americans will be buying into the same dream: winning the unprecedentedly large $1.3 billion Powerball j
25、ackpot on Wednesday night. Since last week, when the jackpot had accrued to over $500 million, Powerball tickets have been reportedly flying off bodega and convenience-store counters. The odds of winning remain 1 in 292 millionthats why the lottery is sometimes called a “stupidity tax“ but a tickets
26、 $2 price tag does make it a low-risk impulse buy. (Alex Tabarrok, over at Marginal Revolution, suggests that those who participate should buy tickets early in order to enjoy their real valuethe pleasure of anticipationfor longer). A reader complains: “The lottery is a scheme acted on the poorest an
27、d most gullible.“ Many people are hoping to acquire this tremendous windfall, but is what theyre after something that will actually make them happy? Anecdotes about how winning the lottery can be bad luck abounda winning ticket has led some “lucky“ winners into bankruptcy, or worse. But theres also
28、the possibility that all of the lottery winners who are living comfortably dont make headlines. Researchers have tried to figure out which of these narratives is more accurate by looking into two questions whose answers lottery players assume to be in the affirmative; Does winning the lottery make p
29、eople rich in the long run? And does an influx of tons of cash make people happier? Their results, though, suggests that these answers arent so straightforward. In the late 1970s and 80s, the sociologist H. Roy Kaplan performed now-classic research on what became of lottery winners. His most famous
30、study asked lottery winners how happy they had been before and after their big checks arrived. That 1978 study, which had a very small sample size, famously found that lottery winners were not that much happier than the control groupa bunch of people who didnt win the lotteryafter their win. (A 2008
31、 Dutch study concluded the same thing.) Kaplan did a bigger study in 1987 on 576 lottery winners, and found that “popular myths and stereotypes about winners were inaccurate“by which he meant that American lottery winners did not typically quit their jobs and spend lavishly. In the end, while winnin
32、g can turn out bad, the real bad thing is probably the lottery itself; America, especially its poor households, spends way too much on it, and the odds are worse than at a casino.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following is true of the Powerball lottery?（分数：2.00）A.The lasting feelings of fulfilment.B.The
33、 players active participation.C.The stupid marketing tricks.D.The room for increasing value.(2).We learn from Paragraph 2 that（分数：2.00）A.buying lottery is a permanent source for gossip.B.lucky winners deserve our greater admiration.C.some stories about winners may not be reliable.D.poor families can
34、not escape the trap of lottery.(3).Lottery players often take it for granted that suddenly receiving a large sum of money（分数：2.00）A.makes them temporarily richer .B.warns them of oncoming doom.C.brings with it more happiness.D.depends largely upon pure luck.(4).The authors overall attitude toward lo
35、ttery in America is one of（分数：2.00）A.tolerance.B.indifference.C.cautiousness.D.disapproval.(5).Which of the following may be the best title of the text?（分数：2.00）A.What becomes of lottery winners?B.Does lottery promise a work-free life?C.Are Powerball tickets worth buying?D.How do winners manage thei
36、r finances?Who would you trust more, someone whose moral principles are absolute, black and white, or someone who carefully considers the rights and wrongs of specific situations before leaping to judgment? My guess is that most people reading this would say the former. “ Rigidity“ is a dirty word f
37、or most thinking folk, and being comfortable with ambiguity the hallmark of sophistication. But according to new research by experimental psychologists at Oxford and Cornell, in practice most people trust the absolutists more than the ponderers. In fact, all the experiments show is that people who r
38、efuse to kill an innocent person to save the lives of many others are considered more trustworthy than those who would do so for the greater good. Its quite an inferential leap to go from that to the view that rigidity in general confers trust. Nonetheless, there is something suggestive in these fin
39、dings that challenges an assumption weve inherited from the kind of religious ethics most in Britain no longer follow. Its the idea that morality in some sense stands above human behaviour, representing an external standard we have to conform to. Our goal is to do the right thing, to make the choice
40、 that is judged as the best one from some kind of impartial viewpoint. But what if this is profoundly misguided? What if morality is in fact nothing more than a system for managing social interaction, a way of promoting harmony and keeping us from each others throats? We have very good reasons for t
41、hinking this is precisely how we should view morality, and it is none the worse for it. Morality is primarily a matter of how we should treat others, for the good of everyone. You dont need to posit any kind of transcendental source for the principles that should govern this. All you need to think a
42、bout is what helps us to live and flourish. If this is what morality is, then it is not difficult to see why we should prefer simple, fixed rules to case-by-case calculations. First, for morality to work as a social system we need others to be predictable. If we cannot be sure whether someone might
43、decide to kill us tomorrow in order to save others, we can never be sure that we are safe from anyone. We can have no faith in a justice system that allows the odd innocent to be punished in order to deter those who might otherwise harm even more. So although having a fixed rule that we should never
44、 harm the innocent might sometimes result in more innocent people being harmed, on balance the price we pay for that is much less than the cost of uncertainty. From a social point of view, the predictability and reliability of moral behaviour are much more important than getting it right from some a
45、bstract, intellectual perspective.（分数：10.00）(1).It is generally believed that “rigidity“ connotes something（分数：2.00）A.sophisticated.B.mechanical.C.changeable.D.sociable.(2).When mentioning “people who refuse to kill an innocent person (Para. 2) ,“ the author is trying to make the point that（分数：2.00）
46、A.public interests should be emphasized.B.victims should be properly attended to.C.great thinkers can win much respect.D.absolutists may earn more trust.(3).According to Paragraph 3, the morality seen from a religious perspective is（分数：2.00）A.misleading.B.impartial.C.soothing.D.convincing.(4).To put
47、 morality in perspective, it is crucial that you should（分数：2.00）A.stick to commonsense morality.B.rise above moral principles.C.show sympathy for the innocent.D.have faith in the justice system.(5).It can be safely concluded from the text that most people are much attracted to（分数：2.00）A.those who do
48、 no harm to the common good.B.people who follow religious rituals.C.those of great reliability rather than intellectuals.D.victims whose sufferings are predictable.This year isnt the first time an overwhelmingly white field of nominees has led to an Academy Awards protest. The run-up to the Academy Awards always includes the usual debate over who got snubbed. This year, however, that conversation has taken on a new level of gravity: for the second year in a row, every nominated actor is whit
