1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 183 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 Is Google creating the next generation of office blowhards? A clever psychological study by Yale University researchers【B1 】_ the
2、answer is yes.It seems that as we look things up on the Web, we become convinced that the information【B2】_ in our brains. It doesnt. But we behave as if it does, and were not shy about 【B3】_ that it s there. “This huge database is leading people to believe this information is in their heads,【B4 】_in
3、 fact its not,“ Matthew Fisher, the Yale graduate psychology student who【B5】_ the study, said.Is that a bad thing? 【B6】_an annoyance? Or no harm at all? It depends on whom you ask. Fishers paper, published online Tuesday in the Journal of Experimental Psychology, 【B7 】_that by “ wrongly situating【B8
4、】_knowledge within their own heads, people may unwittingly exaggerate how much【B9】_ work they can do in situations【B10】_they are truly on their own.“But Clive Thompson, author of the book Smarter Than You Think: How Technology is Changing Our Minds for the Better, wasnt so sure. “Im not quite as【B11
5、】_about it as they seem to be at the end of the article,“ he said after reading the study. “The【B12】_is that we re not that often truly on our own.“And only a few of those【B13】_when we truly are on our own may be dangerous. 【B14】_you might not want your brain surgeon overconfident about how much kno
6、wledge she has 【B15】_in her head, does it really【B16】_whether your auto mechanic can change your fan belt from memory or with an assist from a quick laptop【B17 】 _?“I dont think we can conclude this is some terrible strategy,“ Fisher acknowledged. But, he warned, “if youre【 B18】_of the gaps in your
7、understanding【B19】_its being filled in by this information you think you know, you d be less inclined to【B20】_out and fill in those gaps.“1 【B1 】（A）suggests（B） supposes（C） contends（D）mentions2 【B2 】（A）extends（B） remains（C） lasts（D）prevalents3 【B3 】（A）admitting（B） predicting（C） discovering（D）claiming
8、4 【B4 】（A）lest（B） before（C） unless（D）when5 【B5 】（A）guided（B） directed（C） conducted（D）secured6 【B6 】（A）Roughly（B） Merely（C） Barely（D）Certainly7 【B7 】（A）defends（B） withdraws（C） concludes（D）advises8 【B8 】（A）crucial（B） external（C） objective（D）exclusive9 【B9 】（A）intellectual（B） profound（C） genuine（D）orig
9、inal10 【B10 】（A）where（B） how（C） unless（D）as11 【B11 】（A）informed（B） particular（C） concerned（D）ignorant12 【B12 】（A）proof（B） act（C） truth（D）fact13 【B13 】（A）events（B） occasions（C） cases（D）intentions14 【B14 】（A）While（B） Once（C） If（D）Since15 【B15 】（A）found（B） marked（C） scored（D）stored16 【B16 】（A）work（B） s
10、how（C） doubt（D）matter17 【B17 】（A）search（B） offer（C） favor（D）charge18 【B18 】（A）suspicious（B） unaware（C） innocent（D）sensible19 【B19 】（A）unless（B） if（C） until（D）because 20 【B20 】（A）seek（B） figure（C） carry（D）turnPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by cho
11、osing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 It has wormed its way into almost every sphere of life, and the law is no exception. Artificial intelligence can now handle a lot of the drudgery of legal work; screening mountains of documents for relevant titbits, for example, or automatically drafting and checkin
12、g boilerplate contracts. Theres even a “superintelligent attorney“ app, ROSS, powered by IBMs Watson supercomputer, that fields legal queries by speed-reading legislation and other resources.But what does it mean for the law when an algorithm, rather than a person, calls the shots? Frank Levy at the
13、 Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Dana Remus at the University of North Carolina School of Law have been on the case, exploring the potential implications of robotic legal assistants. In a report published online last month ,they found that A.I. poses less of a threat to legal jobs than som
14、e fear. But they also suggest that computers, left unchecked, can have a detrimental impact on the law.Still, A. I. will introduce new uncertainties by dint of its ability to reveal legal trends or precedents, for example. Fed the right data, machine learning algorithms can tell us how individual ju
15、dges ruled, how individual companies or lawyers fared in past litigation, or how much money was involved in lawsuits. Pop details of a current case in, and the computer will forecast your chances of success.This approach might be more efficient, but it could slow the evolution of the law, the pair w
16、arn. Take the predictions too seriously, too often, and lawyers could be more reluctant to take on cases with the potential to break new ground, making it less likely that landmark judgements will be passed.By the same token, if A.I. spots a pattern of discriminationsay, that women are more likely t
17、o lose in certain types of caseit might sway lawyers decisions and so perpetuate the problem rather than bringing it to light.Legal A.I. doesnt exist just to save lawyers time and money: it also promises to help close the “justice gap,“ by offering digital advice to those who cant afford a lawyer. O
18、nline dispute resolution platforms already help mediate between users on eBay and PayPal, for example.But Levy and Remus suggest that A.I. could also soon be counselling people how best to skirt the law, rather than abide by it.21 The capabilities of A.I. can be demonstrated in（A）its assistance in f
19、ield-study in science.（B） the replacement of humans with machines.（C） its operation in hard and boring work.（D）the execution of casual contracts.22 The overall attitude of Frank Levy and Dana Remus towards the issue is（A）biased.（B） indifferent.（C） uncertain.（D）cautious.23 It can be learned from Para
20、graph 3 that（A）A.I. s prediction about legal trends has proved true.（B） A.I. is able to make fairly reliable predictions.（C） A.I. guarantees the availability of its programs.（D）A.I. s applications are acclaimed by lawyers.24 Which of the following can be a disadvantage of A.I.?（A）Lawyers are more li
21、kely to avert risks.（B） Lawyers are reluctant to offer free counseling.（C） Lawyers decisions are rarely overturned.（D）Lawyers profession will become liberalized.25 Levy and Remus would object to A.I.s tendency to（A）aggravate the discrimination against women.（B） accelerate the evolution of legal prof
22、ession.（C） tolerate noncompliance with the law.（D）subtly alter the conduct of the law.25 With her tiny waist, stick thin legs and petite frame, the Barbie doll has been accused of promoting an unhealthy body image for over five decades. But now, in her biggest update since 1959, its out with the ske
23、letal frame and thigh gap, and in with the curvy hips and thighs as the company has revealed three new body types for the dolls to reflect a “broader view of beauty“.Mattel, the creator of the toys, said the new rangewhich also boasts seven different skin toneswas designed to promote a healthy and r
24、ealistic body image and would better reflect the diversity of those who play with the dolls.Richard Dickson, president and chief operating officer of Mattel, said: “For more than 55 years, Barbie has been a global, cultural icon and a source of inspiration and imagination to millions of girls around
25、 the world. Barbie reflects the world girls see around them. Her ability to evolve and grow with the times, while staying true to her spirit, is central to why Barbie is the number one fashion doll in the world.“The embracing of different body types was welcomed by several charities who champion hea
26、lthy body image and assist those who struggle with eating disorders, which research shows are exacerbated by exposure to unrealistic body types. In July 2015, research found that children in the UK as young as eight were reporting body dissatisfaction and that almost 40% of 14-year-old girls were ad
27、mitting to regular dieting.Andrew Radford, the chief executive of eating disorder charity Beat, said he was delighted Mattel had introduced more diversity to the Barbie range. “For a long time Beat has campaigned against the constant portrayal of a very slender look as the only aspirational ideal fo
28、r young people,“ he said. “ If a generation is to grow up with a robust sense of their self worth we must challenge this. To more truly reflect the diversity of shapes, sizes and culture of mankind is a welcome initiative, especially in a range that generations of young girls have identified with si
29、nce its birth.“Liam Preston, spokesman for the YMCAs Be Real campaign, which works with schools and corporations, said it was about time that companies accepted responsibility for the images that they projected onto young girls and teenagers.Speaking to the Telegraph, Tania Missad, Mattel s director
30、 of global brand insight, also said they were expecting some criticism that the new dolls “ havent gone far enough, or people who ask whats next, question our commitment to this“. She added:“ Barbie is a lightning rod for conversation, and of course there will be a backlash. “26 The first paragraph
31、mainly discusses（A）a vivid account of new dolls.（B） the unrealistic image of Barbie.（C） the evolution of Barbie dolls.（D）a radical change in fashion design.27 It is indicated in Paragraphs 2 and 3 that the fashion doll is intended to（A）satisfy the needs of a knowledgeable elite.（B） accommodate the c
32、ulture of consumption.（C） exert a greater influence on American culture.（D）cater to the diversified tastes of its customers.28 The word “exacerbated“ (Para. 4) most probably means（A）intensified.（B） monopolized.（C） alleviated.（D）exaggerated.29 It can be inferred from the remarks of Andrew Radford and
33、 Liam Preston that Barbie dolls（A）were reinvented to abandon their original spirit.（B） have greatly influenced the values of young people.（C） fail to show much concern for health factors.（D）have been pursuing perfect physical conditions.30 Tania Missad believes that the advent of new dolls of Barbie
34、 will（A）receive wide acclaim.（B） arouse strong curiosity.（C） incur negative response.（D）raise vague suspicion.30 Earlier this week, the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists announced that the Doomsday Clock wouldnt tick any closer to midnight, but that it wouldnt tick any further away, either. The cloc
35、k will remain at “three minutes to midnight,“ where the Bulletin set it last year after growing concerned about nuclear modernization programs and climate change.As I wrote in the tech section today, the Clock provides a rare opportunity to talk about “existential risk“ :those threats so vast that t
36、hey could endanger all of humanity. Existential risk is undergoing a bit of a renaissance right now: Nick Bostrom, the Cambridge philosopher whocoined the term, is the subject of skeptical magazine profiles; and millions of tech-made dollars have gone into funding “ good A. I.“ research. In fact, th
37、ere s a sort of debate right now among Silicon Valley technologists: Does climate change or artificial intelligence pose a greater existential risk to humanity?To more climate-attuned forecasters, this can seem a little silly. “ Worrying about sentient A.I. as the ice caps melt is like standing on t
38、he tracks as the train rushes in, worrying about being hit by lightning,“ once tweeted Bret Victor, a former designer at Apple. Some of the computing industrys figureheadsamong them Peter Thiel and Elon Muskdisagree, or, at least, find A.I. sufficiently worrisome to invest their wealth in stopping i
39、t.What always strikes me about this is that both sides can imagine their own form of historical irony. Imagine two throwaway lines in a circa-2100 historical review: “Yet even as the planets atmosphere reached the point of no return, some of Americas keenest technical minds poured millions into prev
40、enting sentient artificial intelligence, a technological feat now believed to be centuries away.“ Or .“Despite urgent warnings from some of the most talented engineers on the planet about what was to come, the United States government stayed focused on the danger of climate change.“For me, it demons
41、trates the limits of conspicuously meta-historical thinking. History is easy to predict in retrospect; to actually live through it is to see thousands of terrifying possibilities that never come to pass. I think vastly more wealth should go to stopping climate change than evil A.I.but maybe wealth s
42、hould also go toward handling global pandemics, or reducing extreme poverty, or funding Americas sclerotic democratic institutions.For me, the thought that that history might one day judge our own era is a happy one. But thats because, if history is still getting written in 2100, it means there will
43、 be people to write it.31 It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that “existential risk“（A）triggers heated debate.（B） results from climate change.（C） aroused public panic.（D）has staged a comeback.32 Bret Victor s comparison is quoted to indicate that（A）climate change cannot be accurately predicted.（B
44、） global warming should gain more attention.（C） artificial intelligence poses a greater threat.（D）investments in A.I. will be withdrawn.33 When mentioning “both sides“ (Para. 4) ,the author is making the point of（A）the limitations of their thinking.（B） the achievement of technology.（C） the efforts t
45、o save the earth.（D）the controversy over investments.34 The author s attitude towards the U.S. democratic institutions can be said to be that of（A）indulgence.（B） curiosity.（C） skepticism.（D）satisfaction.35 What is the subject of this passage?（A）The Trouble with Writing the Future History.（B） A Retro
46、spect into a Glorious Human History.（C） The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind.（D）Science, Technology and Humanity.35 We often attribute key characteristics to one of our parents:“ He gets his athleticism from his father.“ “ Her quickness to angerthats all her mother.“ Whether the genetics are actuall
47、y pulling the strings in these cases is another story. But a growing body of research has suggested that heredity does apply to mood disordersincluding depression, which afflicts more than 2.8 million adolescents in the U.S. aloneand that there is compelling evidence hereditary ties are strong betwe
48、en mothers and daughters.Researchers in a new study of 35 healthy families published in The Journal of Neuroscience this week have found that the brains corticolimbic system, responsible for the regulation of emotionand associated with the manifestation of depressive symptomsis more likely to be pas
49、sed down from mother to daughter than from mother to son or father to child. This finding, which supports past evidence from animal research and clinical studies on depression, could provide a better understanding of the role genetics play in mood disorders and other conditions, allowing better identification of at-risk groups and preventive measures.“Our studys uniqueness,“ says lead author Fumiko Hoeft, an associate professor of ps
