1、考研英语 183及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)For centuries, the nature of the brain was shrouded in mystery. Aristotle is said to have 1 it was a cold sponge, whose main task was to 2 the blood. Later, Leonardo da Vinci 3 the brain as a curious void filled by three tiny bulbous
2、 structures 4 in a straight line 5 the eyeball. Not all early theories were quite so misguided, 6 . From the first studies 7 language deficits, it was 8 that the brain played some direct part in language use. In 1836, an 9 French country doctor, Max Dax, claimed that, in forty aphasic (患失语症的) patien
3、ts he had seen, 10 of language ability always 11 with damage to the left half of the brain. Thirty years later, this claim was 12 proved by the French surgeon Paul Broca. He had studied aphasic 13 in patients who were found to have brain damage 14 the left frontal lobe. Broca was struck by the contr
4、ast with right hemisphere damage, 15 seemed to have little effect on speech. The area Broca isolated and the aphasia associated with it now 16 his name, “Brocas aphasia.“ Ten years after Brocas 17 , Karl Wernicke, a young researcher in Germany, made another startling 18 , which ultimately 19 him to
5、propose not just a new language area, but an overall theory of 20 language is handled in the brain. （分数：1.00）(1).For centuries, the nature of the brain was shrouded in mystery. Aristotle is said to have 1 it was a cold sponge, whose main task was to 2 the blood. Later, Leonardo da Vinci 3 the brain
6、as a curious void filled by three tiny bulbous structures 4 in a straight line 5 the eyeball. Not all early theories were quite so misguided, 6 . From the first studies 7 language deficits, it was 8 that the brain played some direct part in language use. In 1836, an 9 French country doctor, Max Dax,
7、 claimed that, in forty aphasic (患失语症的) patients he had seen, 10 of language ability always 11 with damage to the left half of the brain. Thirty years later, this claim was 12 proved by the French surgeon Paul Broca. He had studied aphasic 13 in patients who were found to have brain damage 14 the le
8、ft frontal lobe. Broca was struck by the contrast with right hemisphere damage, 15 seemed to have little effect on speech. The area Broca isolated and the aphasia associated with it now 16 his name, “Brocas aphasia.“ Ten years after Brocas 17 , Karl Wernicke, a young researcher in Germany, made anot
9、her startling 18 , which ultimately 19 him to propose not just a new language area, but an overall theory of 20 language is handled in the brain. （分数：0.05）A.inventedB.imaginedC.thoughtD.speculatedA.coolB.chillC.filterD.purifyA.aboveB.underC.beneathD.behindA.anyhowB.howeverC.consequentlyD.notwithstan
10、dingA.onB.toC.atD.withA.proposedB.exploredC.suspendedD.suspectedA.anonymousB.eloquentC.obscureD.eccentricA.defectB.lossC.failureD.descentA.correlatedB.cooperatedC.respondedD.involvedA.drasticallyB.dramaticallyC.curiouslyD.dubiouslyA.reactionsB.reflectionsC.phenomenaD.symptomsA.toB.inC.onD.ofA.analyz
11、edB.prescribedC.representedD.disclosedA.itB.thatC.whichD.whatA.flareB.wearC.shareD.bearA.achievementB.discoveryC.researchD.contributionA.hypothesisB.illustrationC.breakthroughD.penetrationA.setB.fedC.letD.ledA.howB.whatC.whyD.whenA.paralleledB.arrangedC.allocatedD.dispersed二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数
12、：1.00)1.Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the picture, 2) interpret its implications in life, and 3) support your view with examples. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) Study the following picture carefull
13、y and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the picture, 2) interpret its implications in life, and 3) support your view with examples. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) *（分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)The world is going through the bigges
14、t wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying: “Won t the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable
15、anti-competitive force?“ Theres no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982. Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly. International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of
16、production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of small
17、er economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy. I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M a work project ruined by a colleague; a holiday spoiled by the weather; a plan halted by ill health. All were potential routes to happiness.
18、And it is this endless feeling of things being spoilt that makes him feel let down by life and unhappy. He tells me that he had been a willful child. He was, he says, spoilt rotten by very loving parents. They had suffered much hardship in their own lives, and when hard work and good luck made them
19、well off, they decided that he, their only son, would have all they had lacked, and more. He had wanted for nothing. Yet this came with a cost. For having everything on a plate before he had even developed an appetite had robbed him of the chance to reach and struggle for something meaningful and of
20、 his very own. There had never been an empty space he had enjoyed working to fill. Little wonder he was unable to remain attached to anything or anyone after frustration set in. Working through difficulty simply hadnt ever been asked of him. While hopefully a by-product of developing emotional matur
21、ity, happiness was not, I told him, a specific therapeutic aim. But therapy could offer the challenge to stay with, and so gradually understand, the meaning of his unhappiness, rather than bolting when the going got rough. The notion that we can uncover a meaning within our suffering supports the wh
22、ole therapeutic venture. By working towards understanding the reasons for his disappointments, this man had the chance to begin reshaping his own life journey. This was unlikely to give him happiness as a “given constant“, but could enable him to develop something far more important. As C. G. Jung,
23、the founder of Analytical Psychology, said:“ The principal aim of psychotherapy is not to transport the patient to an impossible state of happiness, but to help him acquire steadfastness and philosophic patience in the face of suffering. Life demands for its completion and fulfillment a balance betw
24、een joy and sorrow.“ （分数：1.00）(1).The author argues that happiness is（分数：0.20）A.fascinating.B.fantasticC.ridiculous.D.queer.(2).It is a usual ease with happiness that（分数：0.20）A.it is generally considered securable.B.it is commonly attributed to destiny.C.it often falls short of expectation.D.it rout
25、inely seems encouraging.(3) The psychoanalyst affirms that psychotherapy（分数：0.20）A.represents happiness as its by-product.B.calls for full comprehension of happiness.C.stresses deep analysis of misfortunes.D.aims at complete realization of real life.(4). The patients unhappiness results primarily fr
26、om his（分数：0.20）A.disappointment in love.B.affluent circumstances.C.indifference towards work.D.inability to face frustration.(5).The phrase “remain attached to“ (Par. 4) most probably means continue to（分数：0.20）A.be fond of.B.be eager for.C.be restricted to.D.be affiliated to.What accounts for the gr
27、eat outburst of major inventions in early Americabreakthroughs such as the telegraph ,the steamboat and the weaving machine? Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the countrys excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology ;the practice of giving premiums t
28、o inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal,“ spatial“ thinking about things technological. Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanic, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithm
29、etic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry. Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported,“ With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline ,the American boy deve
30、lops rapidly into the skilled workman.“ A further stimulus to invention came from the “premium“ system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach, originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash prizes and other incentives. In the United States, multitudes
31、of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance. Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, th
32、e American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, “A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal proc
33、ess. The designer and the inventor. are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist.“ This nonverbal “spatial“ thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote,“ The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, e
34、tc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.“ When all these shaping forcesschools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinkinginteracted with one another on the rich U. S
35、. mainland, they produced that American characteristic, emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence. （分数：1.00）(1).According to the author, the great outburst of major inventions in early America was in a
36、 large part due to_.（分数：0.25）A.elementary schoolsB.enthusiastic workersC.the attractive premium systemD.a special way of thinking(2).It is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of the early American mechanics_.（分数：0.25）A.benefited a lot from their mathematical knowledgeB.shed light on discipli
37、ned school managementC.was brought about by privileged home trainingD.owed a lot to the technological development(3).A technologist can be compared to an artist because_.（分数：0.25）A.they are both winners of awardsB.they are both experts in spatial thinkingC.they both abandon verbal descriptionD.they
38、both use various instruments(4).The best title for this passage might be_.（分数：0.25）A.Inventive MindB.Effective SchoolingC.Ways of ThinkingD.Outpouring of Inventions四、Part B(总题数：1，分数：20.00)2. You are preparing for taking the entrance test for MA in economics. Write a letter to the dean of the Economi
39、cs School of a famous university to enquire about: 1) the subjects to be tested, 2) the number of students for enrollment, and 3) any guiding or training courses. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming“ instead. You do not nee
40、d to write the address. (10 points) You are preparing for taking the entrance test for MA in economics. Write a letter to the dean of the Economics School of a famous university to enquire about: 1) the subjects to be tested, 2) the number of students for enrollment, and 3) any guiding or training c
41、ourses. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming“ instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points) （分数：20.00）_五、Part C(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Our world of the mid-1990s faces potentially bursting change. The question is in wha
42、t direction will it take us? 46) Will the change come from worldwide initiatives that reverse the degradation of the planet and restore hope for the future, or will it come from continuing environmental deterioration that leads to economic decline and social instability? There is no precedent for th
43、e rapid substantial change we need to make. 47) Building an environmentally sustainable future depends on restructuring the global economy, major shifts in human reproductive behavior, and dramatic changes in values and lifestyles. Doing all this quickly adds up to a revolution that is driven and de
44、fined by the need to restore the earths environmental systems. If this Environmental Revolution succeeds, it will rank with the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions as one of the great economic and social transformations in human history. Like the Agricultural Revolution, it will dramatically alt
45、er population trends. 48) While the former set the stage for enormous increases in human numbers, this revolution will succeed only if it stabilizes human population size, reestablishing a balance between people and natural system on which they depend. In contrast to the Industrial Revolution, which
46、 was based on a shift to fossil fuels, this new transformation will be based on a shift away from fossil fuels. 49) The two earlier revolutions were driven by technological advancesthe first by the discovery of farming and the second by the invention of the steam engine, which converted the energy i
47、n coal into mechanical power. The Environmental Revolution, while it will obviously need new technologies, will be driven primarily by the restructuring of the global economy so that it does not destroy its natural support system. The pace of the Environmental Revolution needs to be far faster than
48、that of its predecessors. The Agricultural Revolution began some 10,000 years ago, and the Industrial Revolution has been under way for about two centuries. But if the Environmental Revolution is to succeed, it must be compressed into a few decades. Progress in the Agricultural Revolution was measured almost exclusively in the growth in food output that eventually enabled farmers to produce a surplus that could feed city dwellers. Similarly, industrial progress was gained by success in expanding the output of raw materials and manufactured goods. 50) The Environmental Revolution will
