1、考研英语（一）-试卷 183 及答案解析(总分：144.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_Is Google creating the next generation of office blowhards? A clever psychological
2、 study by Yale University researchers【B1】_ the answer is yes. It seems that as we look things up on the Web, we become convinced that the information【B2】_ in our brains. It doesnt. But we behave as if it does, and were not shy about 【B3】_ that it s there. “This huge database is leading people to bel
3、ieve this information is in their heads,【B4】_in fact its not,“ Matthew Fisher, the Yale graduate psychology student who【B5】_ the study, said. Is that a bad thing? 【B6】_an annoyance? Or no harm at all? It depends on whom you ask. Fishers paper, published online Tuesday in the Journal of Experimental
4、Psychology, 【B7】_that by “ wrongly situating【B8】_knowledge within their own heads, people may unwittingly exaggerate how much【B9】_ work they can do in situations【B10】_they are truly on their own.“ But Clive Thompson, author of the book Smarter Than You Think: How Technology is Changing Our Minds for
5、 the Better, wasnt so sure. “Im not quite as【B11】_about it as they seem to be at the end of the article,“ he said after reading the study. “The【B12】_is that we re not that often truly on our own.“ And only a few of those【B13】_when we truly are on our own may be dangerous. 【B14】_you might not want yo
6、ur brain surgeon overconfident about how much knowledge she has 【B15】_in her head, does it really【B16】_whether your auto mechanic can change your fan belt from memory or with an assist from a quick laptop【B17】_? “I dont think we can conclude this is some terrible strategy,“ Fisher acknowledged. But,
7、 he warned, “if youre【B18】_of the gaps in your understanding【B19】_its being filled in by this information you think you know, you d be less inclined to【B20】_out and fill in those gaps.“（分数：40.00）(1).【B1】（分数：2.00）A.suggestsB.supposesC.contendsD.mentions(2).【B2】（分数：2.00）A.extendsB.remainsC.lastsD.prev
8、alents(3).【B3】（分数：2.00）A.admittingB.predictingC.discoveringD.claiming(4).【B4】（分数：2.00）A.lestB.beforeC.unlessD.when(5).【B5】（分数：2.00）A.guidedB.directedC.conductedD.secured(6).【B6】（分数：2.00）A.RoughlyB.MerelyC.BarelyD.Certainly(7).【B7】（分数：2.00）A.defendsB.withdrawsC.concludesD.advises(8).【B8】（分数：2.00）A.cr
9、ucialB.externalC.objectiveD.exclusive(9).【B9】（分数：2.00）A.intellectualB.profoundC.genuineD.original(10).【B10】（分数：2.00）A.whereB.howC.unlessD.as(11).【B11】（分数：2.00）A.informedB.particularC.concernedD.ignorant(12).【B12】（分数：2.00）A.proofB.actC.truthD.fact(13).【B13】（分数：2.00）A.eventsB.occasionsC.casesD.intenti
10、ons(14).【B14】（分数：2.00）A.WhileB.OnceC.IfD.Since(15).【B15】（分数：2.00）A.foundB.markedC.scoredD.stored(16).【B16】（分数：2.00）A.workB.showC.doubtD.matter(17).【B17】（分数：2.00）A.searchB.offerC.favorD.charge(18).【B18】（分数：2.00）A.suspiciousB.unawareC.innocentD.sensible(19).【B19】（分数：2.00）A.unlessB.ifC.untilD.because(2
11、0).【B20】（分数：2.00）A.seekB.figureC.carryD.turn二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：60.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._It has wormed its way into almost every sphere of life, and the law
12、is no exception. Artificial intelligence can now handle a lot of the drudgery of legal work; screening mountains of documents for relevant titbits, for example, or automatically drafting and checking boilerplate contracts. Theres even a “superintelligent attorney“ app, ROSS, powered by IBMs Watson s
13、upercomputer, that fields legal queries by speed-reading legislation and other resources. But what does it mean for the law when an algorithm, rather than a person, calls the shots? Frank Levy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Dana Remus at the University of North Carolina School of L
14、aw have been on the case, exploring the potential implications of robotic legal assistants. In a report published online last month ,they found that A.I. poses less of a threat to legal jobs than some fear. But they also suggest that computers, left unchecked, can have a detrimental impact on the la
15、w. Still, A. I. will introduce new uncertainties by dint of its ability to reveal legal trends or precedents, for example. Fed the right data, machine learning algorithms can tell us how individual judges ruled, how individual companies or lawyers fared in past litigation, or how much money was invo
16、lved in lawsuits. Pop details of a current case in, and the computer will forecast your chances of success. This approach might be more efficient, but it could slow the evolution of the law, the pair warn. Take the predictions too seriously, too often, and lawyers could be more reluctant to take on
17、cases with the potential to break new ground, making it less likely that landmark judgements will be passed. By the same token, if A.I. spots a pattern of discriminationsay, that women are more likely to lose in certain types of caseit might sway lawyers decisions and so perpetuate the problem rathe
18、r than bringing it to light. Legal A.I. doesnt exist just to save lawyers time and money: it also promises to help close the “justice gap,“ by offering digital advice to those who cant afford a lawyer. Online dispute resolution platforms already help mediate between users on eBay and PayPal, for exa
19、mple. But Levy and Remus suggest that A.I. could also soon be counselling people how best to skirt the law, rather than abide by it.（分数：10.00）(1).The capabilities of A.I. can be demonstrated in（分数：2.00）A.its assistance in field-study in science.B.the replacement of humans with machines.C.its operati
20、on in hard and boring work.D.the execution of casual contracts.(2).The overall attitude of Frank Levy and Dana Remus towards the issue is（分数：2.00）A.biased.B.indifferent.C.uncertain.D.cautious.(3).It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that（分数：2.00）A.A.I. s prediction about legal trends has proved true.B
21、.A.I. is able to make fairly reliable predictions.C.A.I. guarantees the availability of its programs.D.A.I. s applications are acclaimed by lawyers.(4).Which of the following can be a disadvantage of A.I.?（分数：2.00）A.Lawyers are more likely to avert risks.B.Lawyers are reluctant to offer free counsel
22、ing.C.Lawyers decisions are rarely overturned.D.Lawyers profession will become liberalized.(5).Levy and Remus would object to A.I.s tendency to（分数：2.00）A.aggravate the discrimination against women.B.accelerate the evolution of legal profession.C.tolerate noncompliance with the law.D.subtly alter the
23、 conduct of the law.With her tiny waist, stick thin legs and petite frame, the Barbie doll has been accused of promoting an unhealthy body image for over five decades. But now, in her biggest update since 1959, its out with the skeletal frame and thigh gap, and in with the curvy hips and thighs as t
24、he company has revealed three new body types for the dolls to reflect a “broader view of beauty“. Mattel, the creator of the toys, said the new rangewhich also boasts seven different skin toneswas designed to promote a healthy and realistic body image and would better reflect the diversity of those
25、who play with the dolls. Richard Dickson, president and chief operating officer of Mattel, said: “For more than 55 years, Barbie has been a global, cultural icon and a source of inspiration and imagination to millions of girls around the world. Barbie reflects the world girls see around them. Her ab
26、ility to evolve and grow with the times, while staying true to her spirit, is central to why Barbie is the number one fashion doll in the world.“ The embracing of different body types was welcomed by several charities who champion healthy body image and assist those who struggle with eating disorder
27、s, which research shows are exacerbated by exposure to unrealistic body types. In July 2015, research found that children in the UK as young as eight were reporting body dissatisfaction and that almost 40% of 14-year-old girls were admitting to regular dieting. Andrew Radford, the chief executive of
28、 eating disorder charity Beat, said he was delighted Mattel had introduced more diversity to the Barbie range. “For a long time Beat has campaigned against the constant portrayal of a very slender look as the only aspirational ideal for young people,“ he said. “ If a generation is to grow up with a
29、robust sense of their self worth we must challenge this. To more truly reflect the diversity of shapes, sizes and culture of mankind is a welcome initiative, especially in a range that generations of young girls have identified with since its birth.“ Liam Preston, spokesman for the YMCAs Be Real cam
30、paign, which works with schools and corporations, said it was about time that companies accepted responsibility for the images that they projected onto young girls and teenagers. Speaking to the Telegraph, Tania Missad, Mattel s director of global brand insight, also said they were expecting some cr
31、iticism that the new dolls “ havent gone far enough, or people who ask whats next, question our commitment to this“. She added:“ Barbie is a lightning rod for conversation, and of course there will be a backlash. “（分数：10.00）(1).The first paragraph mainly discusses（分数：2.00）A.a vivid account of new do
32、lls.B.the unrealistic image of Barbie.C.the evolution of Barbie dolls.D.a radical change in fashion design.(2).It is indicated in Paragraphs 2 and 3 that the fashion doll is intended to（分数：2.00）A.satisfy the needs of a knowledgeable elite.B.accommodate the culture of consumption.C.exert a greater in
33、fluence on American culture.D.cater to the diversified tastes of its customers.(3).The word “exacerbated“ (Para. 4) most probably means（分数：2.00）A.intensified.B.monopolized.C.alleviated.D.exaggerated.(4).It can be inferred from the remarks of Andrew Radford and Liam Preston that Barbie dolls（分数：2.00）
34、A.were reinvented to abandon their original spirit.B.have greatly influenced the values of young people.C.fail to show much concern for health factors.D.have been pursuing perfect physical conditions.(5).Tania Missad believes that the advent of new dolls of Barbie will（分数：2.00）A.receive wide acclaim
35、.B.arouse strong curiosity.C.incur negative response.D.raise vague suspicion.Earlier this week, the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists announced that the Doomsday Clock wouldnt tick any closer to midnight, but that it wouldnt tick any further away, either. The clock will remain at “three minutes to m
36、idnight,“ where the Bulletin set it last year after growing concerned about nuclear modernization programs and climate change. As I wrote in the tech section today, the Clock provides a rare opportunity to talk about “existential risk“ :those threats so vast that they could endanger all of humanity.
37、 Existential risk is undergoing a bit of a renaissance right now: Nick Bostrom, the Cambridge philosopher whocoined the term, is the subject of skeptical magazine profiles; and millions of tech-made dollars have gone into funding “ good A. I.“ research. In fact, there s a sort of debate right now am
38、ong Silicon Valley technologists: Does climate change or artificial intelligence pose a greater existential risk to humanity? To more climate-attuned forecasters, this can seem a little silly. “ Worrying about sentient A.I. as the ice caps melt is like standing on the tracks as the train rushes in,
39、worrying about being hit by lightning,“ once tweeted Bret Victor, a former designer at Apple. Some of the computing industrys figureheadsamong them Peter Thiel and Elon Muskdisagree, or, at least, find A.I. sufficiently worrisome to invest their wealth in stopping it. What always strikes me about th
40、is is that both sides can imagine their own form of historical irony. Imagine two throwaway lines in a circa-2100 historical review: “Yet even as the planets atmosphere reached the point of no return, some of Americas keenest technical minds poured millions into preventing sentient artificial intell
41、igence, a technological feat now believed to be centuries away.“ Or . “Despite urgent warnings from some of the most talented engineers on the planet about what was to come, the United States government stayed focused on the danger of climate change.“For me, it demonstrates the limits of conspicuous
42、ly meta-historical thinking. History is easy to predict in retrospect; to actually live through it is to see thousands of terrifying possibilities that never come to pass. I think vastly more wealth should go to stopping climate change than evil A.I.but maybe wealth should also go toward handling gl
43、obal pandemics, or reducing extreme poverty, or funding Americas sclerotic democratic institutions. For me, the thought that that history might one day judge our own era is a happy one. But thats because, if history is still getting written in 2100, it means there will be people to write it.（分数：10.0
44、0）(1).It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that “existential risk“（分数：2.00）A.triggers heated debate.B.results from climate change.C.aroused public panic.D.has staged a comeback.(2).Bret Victor s comparison is quoted to indicate that（分数：2.00）A.climate change cannot be accurately predicted.B.global w
45、arming should gain more attention.C.artificial intelligence poses a greater threat.D.investments in A.I. will be withdrawn.(3).When mentioning “both sides“ (Para. 4) ,the author is making the point of（分数：2.00）A.the limitations of their thinking.B.the achievement of technology.C.the efforts to save t
46、he earth.D.the controversy over investments.(4).The author s attitude towards the U.S. democratic institutions can be said to be that of（分数：2.00）A.indulgence.B.curiosity.C.skepticism.D.satisfaction.(5).What is the subject of this passage?（分数：2.00）A.The Trouble with Writing the Future History.B.A Ret
47、rospect into a Glorious Human History.C.The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind.D.Science, Technology and Humanity.We often attribute key characteristics to one of our parents:“ He gets his athleticism from his father.“ “ Her quickness to angerthats all her mother.“ Whether the genetics are actually pu
48、lling the strings in these cases is another story. But a growing body of research has suggested that heredity does apply to mood disordersincluding depression, which afflicts more than 2.8 million adolescents in the U.S. aloneand that there is compelling evidence hereditary ties are strong between mothers and daughters. Researchers in a new study of 35 healthy families published in The Journal of Neuroscience this week have found that the brains corticolimbic system, responsible
