1、考研英语-186 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BSection Use o(总题数：1，分数：10.00)BDirections:/BRead the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSER SHEET 1.Until the late 1940s, when television began finding its way into American homes, companies relied mainly o
2、n print and radio to promote their products and services. The advent of television U(1) /U a revolution in product and service. Between 1949 and 1951, advertising on television grew 960 percent. Today the Internet is once again U(2) /U promotion. By going online, companies can communicate instantly
3、and directly with prospective customers. U(3) /U on the World Wide Web includes advertising, sponsorships, and sales promotions U(4) /U sweepstakes, contests, coupons, and rebates. In 1996 World Wide Web advertising revenues U(5) /U 300 million.Effective online marketers dont U(6) /U transfer hard-c
4、opy ads to cyberspace. U(7) /U sites blend promotional and non-promotional information indirectly delivering the advertising messages. To U(8) /U visits to their sites and to create and U(9) /U customer loyalty, companies change information frequently and provide many opportunities for U(10) /U .A p
5、rototype for excellent U(11) /U promotion is the Ragu Web site. Here visitors can find thirty-six pasta recipes, take Italian lessons, and view an Italian film festival, U(12) /U they will find no traditional ads. U(13) /Usubtle is the mix of product and promotion that visitors hardly know an advert
6、ising message has been U(14) /U Sega of America, maker of computer games and hardware, uses its Web site for a U(15) /U of different promotions, such as U(16) /U new game characters to the public and supplying Web surfers the opportunity to U(17) /U games. Segas home page averages 250,000 visits a d
7、ay. To heighten interest in the site, Sega bought an advertising banner on Netscape U(18) /U increasing site visits by 15 percent. Online U(19) /U in Quaker Oats Gatorade promotion received a free T-shirt in exchange for answering a few questions. Quaker Oats reports that the online promotion create
8、d product U(20) /U and helped the company know its customers better.（分数：10.00）A.brought downB.brought aboutC.brought outD.brought upA.transferringB.transformingC.transmittingD.transplantingA.AdvertisingB.MarketingC.SalesD.PromotionA.likeB.aboutC.asD.onA.arrivedB.toppedC.overcameD.descendedA.merelyB.
9、virtuallyC.hardlyD.actuallyA.PiratingB.OptimisticC.SuccessfulD.LegitimateA.encourageB.frustrateC.temptD.commitA.devastateB.designateC.cultivateD.confirmA.interactionB.assimilationC.differentiationD.collaborationA.internetB.onlineC.currentD.predominantA.thoughB.forC.butD.whileA.SinceB.HoweverC.SuchD.
10、SoA.propagatedB.advertisedC.deliveredD.affectedA.variedB.coupleC.monotoneD.sectionA.discoveringB.introducingC.raisingD.creatingA.exchangeB.purchaseC.downloadD.acquireA.therebyB.thoughC.nonethelessD.hereafterA.customersB.addictsC.participantsD.marketersA.loyaltyB.creditC.prestigeD.diversity二、BSection
11、 Readi(总题数：4，分数：40.00)BPart A/BBDirections:/BRead the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.BText 1/BThe history of the computer in the twentieth century is one of dramatic adaptation and expansion. The computer had m
12、odest beginnings in areas where it was used as a specialist tool. The first electronic computer was built in the 1930s and was solely for the use of undergraduate students in Iowa State University to handle mathematical computations in nuclear physics. In the 1960s an early version of the Internet,
13、ARPPANET was used in computer science and engineering projects. However, only 10 years later computers were starting to change our life style, the way we do business and many other things and by the late 1980s networks were expanding to embrace sections of the general public.Computerization has chan
14、ged US high school education in many ways. Three different changes that consider being important. The first is the use of the computer as teaching aid for teachers. The next is the massive data storage and fast data retrieval facilitated by computer. Then comes the changes brought about by the intro
15、duction of simulation software.How prevalent is the use of computers in schools! As recently as the early 1980s only 20% of secondary science teachers in the USA were using microcomputers. However, since then high schools in the US have computerized rapidly. By 1987, schools had acquired about 1.5 m
16、illion computers with 95% of public schools having at least one computer. Computers can be used as teaching aids both in schools and in homes. In schools, for example, teachers can plug a computer into an especially equipped overhead projector to bring texts, graphics, sound and videos into a classr
17、oom. By these multimedia computer animations, teachers can more readily attract and retain students attention. Ann concludes that computer aided teaching can attract and motivate students who were dropping out when more traditional methods were being used.Let us now turn to the Internet. This is a g
18、lobal network connecting many local networks. Over the Internet, high school students can retrieve information and databases from every networked library around the world in seconds. The World Wide Web provides an easy way to access hard-to-find information. Students can now reach any library throug
19、h the global network and find what they want. The final step is to download the scanned image. Though the slow transmission of signal through the network is a major limiting factor, it can still save us much time in finding useful information, and thus it is an invaluable tool to both high school te
20、achers and students.（分数：10.00）(1).The main point of paragraph 1 is to（分数：2.00）A.outline the main causes of computerization.B.outline the main consequences of computerization.C.give background information on computerization.D.give the authors viewpoint on computerization.(2).The word “facilitated“ (l
21、ine 3, paragraph 2 ) is closest in meaning to（分数：2.00）A.caused.B.developed.C.assisted.D.fascinated.(3).Computerization in school education seems to be（分数：2.00）A.yielding positive results.B.distracting the students attention.C.reducing the number of school dropouts.D.relieving the burden of the tradi
22、tional teachers.(4).According to the passage, the major advantage of the Internet is（分数：2.00）A.its convenience in obtaining information.B.its wide and cheap access around the world.C.its ability to process information.D.its adaptability to computer hardware.(5).The authors attitude towards computeri
23、zation seems to be（分数：2.00）A.indifferent.B.suspicious.C.biased.D.supportive.BText 2/B“WHATS the difference between God and Larry Ellison?“ asks an old software industry joke. Answer: God doesnt think hes Larry Ellison. The boss of Oracle is hardly alone among corporate chiefs in having a reputation
24、for being rather keen on himself. Indeed, until the bubble burst and the public turned nasty at the start of the decade, the cult of the celebrity chief executive seemed to demand bossly narcissism, as evidence that a firm was being led by an all-conquering hero.Narcissus met a nasty end, of course.
25、 And in recent years, boss-worship has come to be seen as bad for business. In his management bestseller, “Good to Great“, Jim Collins argued that the truly successful bosses were not the self-proclaimed stars who adorn the covers of Forbes and Fortune, but instead self-effacing, thoughtful, monkish
26、 sorts who lead by inspiring example.A statistical answer may be at hand. For the first time, a new study, “Its All About Me“, to be presented next week at the annual gathering of the American Academy of Management, offers a systematic, empirical analysis of what effect narcissistic bosses have on t
27、he firms they run. The authors, Arijit Chatterjee and Donald Hambrick, of Pennsylvania State University, examined narcissism in the upper levels of 105 firms in the computer and software industries.To do this, they had to solve a practical problem: studies of narcissism have hitherto relied on surve
28、ying individuals personally, something for which few chief executives are likely to have time or inclination. So the authors devised an index of narcissism using six publicly available indicators obtainable without the co-operation of the boss. These are: the prominence of the bosss photo in the ann
29、ual report; his prominence in company press releases; the length of his “Whos Who“ entry; the frequency of his use of the first person singular in interviews; and the ratios of his cash and non-cash compensation to those of the firms second-highest paid executive.Narcissism naturally drives people t
30、o seek positions of power and influence, and because great self-esteem helps your professional advance, say the authors, chief executives will tend on average to be more narcissistic than the general population. How does that affect a firm? Messrs Chatterjee and Hambrick found that highly narcissist
31、ic bosses tended to make bigger changes in the use of important resources, such as research and development, or in spending and leverage; they carried out more and bigger mergers, and acquisitions; and their results were both more extreme (more big wins or big losses ) and more transient than those
32、of firms run by their humbler peers. For shareholders, that could be good or bad.Although (oddly) the authors are keeping their narcissism ranking secret, they have revealed that Mr Eilison did not come top. Alas for him, that may be because the study limited itself to people who became the boss aft
33、er 1991well after he took the helm. In every respect Mr Ellison seems to be the classic narcissistic boss, claims Mr Chatterjee. There is life in the old joke yet.（分数：10.00）(1).The old software industry joke is used in the text to（分数：2.00）A.show the difference between God and Larry Ellison.B.emphasi
34、ze the success of the boss of Oracle.C.illustrate how chief executives manage their companies.D.introduce the topic of narcissism on top managerial level.(2).Jim Collins seems to believe that truly successful managers（分数：2.00）A.should encourage the staff by setting up examples.B.should not be regard
35、ed as stars by their employees.C.should ban boss-worship in the companies they lead.D.should be as humble as possible in their company.(3).A practical problem with the “Its all about me“ study is that（分数：2.00）A.the survey takes too much time to be completed.B.the subjects for the survey may not be v
36、ery cooperative.C.the bosses who are narcissistic are likely to tell lies to the surveyors.D.the six available indicators require the co-operation of the bosses.(4).According to the researchers, compared with humbler managers, narcissistic bosses are more likely to（分数：2.00）A.have faster professional
37、 advances.B.draw attention from the general population.C.dramatize the changes in their companies.D.use resources of the company in extreme ways.(5).We can infer from the passage that（分数：2.00）A.the results of the new study has already been publicized.B.the researchers think Mr. Ellison is more class
38、ic than narcissistic.C.the joke about Mr. Ellison is actually adapted from real life.D.the ranking might be different if the survey focused on an earlier period.BText 3/BThe human Y chromosomethe DNA chunk that makes a man a manhas lost so many genes over evolutionary time that some scientists have
39、suspected it might disappear in 10 million years. But a new study says itll stick around.Researchers found no sign of gene loss over the past 6 million years, suggesting the chromosome is “doing a pretty good job of maintaining itself,“ said researcher David Page of the Whitehead Institute for Biome
40、dical Research in Cambridge, Mass.That agrees with prior mathematical calculations that suggested the rate of gene loss would slow as the chromosome evolved, Page and study co-authors note in Thursdays issue of the journal Nature. And, they say, it clashes with what Page called the “imminent demise“
41、 idea that says the Y chromosome is doomed to extinction.The Y appeared 300 million years ago and has since eroded into a dinky chromosome, because it lacks the mechanism other chromosomes have to get rid of damaged DNA. So mutations have disabled hundreds of its original genes, causing them to be s
42、hed as useless. The Y now contains only 27 genes or families of virtually identical genes.In 2003, Page reported that the modern-day Y has an unusual mechanism to fix about half of its genes and protect them from disappearing. But he said some scientists disagreed with his conclusion. The new paper
43、focuses on a region of the Y chromosome where genes cant be fixed that way.Researchers compared the human and chimpanzee versions of this region. Humans and chimps have been evolving separately for about 6 million years, so scientists reasoned that the comparisons would reveal genes that have become
44、 disabled in one species or the other during that time.They found five such genes on the chimp chromosome, but none on the human chromosome, an imbalance Page called surprising. “It looks like there has been little if any gene loss in our own species lineage in the last 6 million years,“ Page said.
45、That contradicts the idea that the human Y chromosome has continued to lose genes so fast itll disappear in 10 million years, he said. “I think we can with confidence dismiss the imminent demise theory,“ Page said.Jennifer A. Marshall Graves of the Australian National University in Canberra, a gene
46、researcher who argues for eventual extinction of the Y chromosome, called Pages work “beautiful“ but said it didnt shake her conviction that the Y is doomed.The only real question is when, not if, the Y chromosome disappears, she said. “It could be a lot shorter than 10 million years, but it could b
47、e a lot longer,“ she said.The Y chromosome has already disappeared in some other animals, and “theres no reason to expect it cant happen to humans,“ she said. If it happened in people, some other chromosome would probably take over the sex-determining role of the Y, she said.（分数：10.00）(1).It can be
48、inferred from the first 3 paragraphs that（分数：2.00）A.the human Y chromosome has stopped evolution.B.a man will no longer be a man in 10 million years.C.scientists are divided on the latest issue of Y chromosome.D.mathematical calculations are important in genetic studies.(2).Page seems to believe tha
49、t（分数：2.00）A.the gene loss of Y chromosome is sure and fast.B.the gene loss of Y chromosome is quite slow.C.the Y chromosome is facing “imminent demise“.D.the Y chromosome will be replaced by a new one.(3).The word “dinky“ ( line 1, paragraph 4) most probably means（分数：2.00）A.dirty.B.tricky.C.mai-functional.D.defective.(4).Jennifer seems to believe
