1、考研英语-试卷 191 及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_One of the most important results of research into ageing has been to pinpoint the si
2、gnificance of short-term memory. This faculty is easily (1)_ as ageing advances. What seems to (2)_ is that information is received by the brain, (3)_ scans it for meaning in order to decode it at some future time. It looks as if the actual (4)_ of the short-term memory itself may not change too muc
3、h (5)_ age. A young man and a man in his late fifties may (6)_ be able to remember and repeat a(n) (7)_ of eight numbers recited to them. But what (8)_ change is that when the older man is asked to remember anything (9)_ between the time he is first given the numbers to memorize and the time he is a
4、sked to (10)_ them, he will be much less likely to remember the (11)_ numbers than the young man. This is because the scanning stage is more easily (12)_ by other activities in (13)_ people. In (14)_ living one experiences this as a fairly minor (15)_a telephone number forgotten while one looks (16)
5、_ an area code, or the first part of (17)_ street directions confused with the last because the last “turn lefts“ and “turn rights“ have interfered (18)_ remembering the first directions. In more formal learning, however, the (19)_ of short-term memory is more than just a mild social embarrassment.
6、It can be a serious bar to further (20)_ or indeed to any progress at all.（分数：40.00）A.discoveredB.strengthenedC.displayedD.disturbedA.happenB.existC.workD.doA.asB.thatC.whichD.whatA.performanceB.capacityC.actionD.activityA.forB.withC.overD.underA.neitherB.noneC.eitherD.bothA.averageB.percentageC.amo
7、untD.proportionA.willB.wouldC.doesD.didA.elseB.moreC.particularD.specialA.decodeB.explainC.produceD.repeatA.difficultB.differentC.originalD.previousA.finishedB.completedC.disruptedD.eruptedA.youngerB.olderC.mostD.commonA.dailyB.ordinaryC.normalD.usualA.offenceB.irritationC.distressD.disgraceA.upB.fo
8、rC.atD.overA.inconvenientB.inadequateC.conventionalD.complicatedA.byB.withC.forD.overA.collapseB.absenceC.lackD.decayA.attainmentB.acquisitionC.learningD.reaching二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the qu
9、estions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._Last November, engineers in the healthcare division of GE unveiled something called the “Light-Speed VCT“, a scanner that can create a startlingly good three-dimensional image of a beating heart. This spring Staples, an American office-supplies retai
10、ler, will stock its shelves with a gadget called a “wordlock“, a padlock that uses words instead of numbers. The connection? In each case, the firm“s customers have played a big part in designing the product. How does innovation happen? The familiar story involves scientist in academic institutes an
11、d R they license it. The profit margin on a software license is nearly 100 percent, which is why Microsoft gushes billions of dollars every quarter. But what“s the value of a license to a customer? A license doesn“t deliver the code, provide the utilities to get a piece of software running, or answe
12、r the phone when something inevitably goes wrong. The value of software, in short, doesn“t lie in the software alone. The value is in making sure the soft-ware does its job. Just as a traveler should look at the overall price of a vacation package instead of obsessing over the price of the plane tic
13、ket or hotel mom, a smart tech buyer won“t focus on how much the license costs and ignore the support contract or the maintenance agreement. Open-source is not that different. If you want the software to work, you have to pay to ensure it will work. The open-source companies have refined the softwar
14、e model by selling subscriptions. They roll together support and maintenance and charge an annual fee, which is a healthy model, though not quite as wonderful as Microsoft“s money-raking one. Tellingly, even Microsoft is casting an envious eye at aspects of the open-source business model. The compan
15、y has been taking halting steps toward a similar subscription scheme for its software sales. Microsoft“s subscription program, known as Soft-ware Assurance, provides maintenance and support together with a software license. It lets you up-grade to Microsoft“s next version of the software for a predi
16、ctable sum. But it also contains an implicit threat: If you don“t switch to Software Assurance now, who knows how much Microsoft will charge you when you decide to upgrade? Chief information officers hate this kind of “assurance“, since they“re often perfectly happy running older versions of softwar
17、e that are proven and stable. Microsoft, on the other hand, rakes in the software-licensing fees only when customers upgrade. Software Assurance is Microsoft“s attempt to get those same licensing fees but wrap them together with the service and support needed to keep systems running. That“s why Micr
18、osoft finds the open-source model so threatening: open-source companies have no vested interest in getting more licensing fees and don“t have to pad their service contracts with that extra cost. In the end, the main difference between open-source and proprietary software companies may be the size of
19、 the check you have to write.（分数：10.00）(1).The author used the example of a traveler (Para. 3) to show that（分数：2.00）A.the value of software should be considered as a whole.B.tech buyers should care little about license.C.a license doesn“t comprise support and maintenance.D.customers have to pay a lo
20、t to get a license.(2).Which of the following seems to be the overall attitude of Microsoft toward subscription plan?（分数：2.00）A.Eager.B.Doubtful.C.Confident.D.Hesitant.(3).According to the passage Microsoft（分数：2.00）A.operates a better sales system.B.uses open-source business model as a reference.C.f
21、orces tech buyers to upgrade the software.D.charges an annual fee for the service and support.(4).That extra cost(Para. 5) probably refers to（分数：2.00）A.software-licensing fees.B.total cost of a software product.C.payment for service contracts.D.the charge for subscription.(5).Which of the following
22、is true about Microsoft?（分数：2.00）A.It disgusts many chief information officers.B.It has developed its own open-source software.C.Its new program requires its customers pay in advance.D.It envies open-source companies for their great profits.Niall FitzGerald would have liked to leave Unilever in a bl
23、aze of glory when he retires at the end of September. The co-chief executive of the Anglo-Dutch consumer-goods group was one of the godfathers of Unilever“s “Path to Growth“ strategy of focusing on its brands, which was launched five years ago. But the plan failed to deliver on many of its promises.
24、 On September 20th, Unilever warned that it would not report its promised double-digit growth in profits this year. It is a tough time for producers of branded consumer goods. Unilever and its competitors have to cope with pressure on prices and stiff competition from supermarkets“ own brands. Colga
25、te-Palmolive warned of lower profits on the same day. Nestle recently disappointed investors with its latest results. Even so, Unilever admits the bulk of its troubles are self-inflicted. The “Path to Growth“ strategy aimed to make the firm more efficient. Unilever saved about 4 billion euro ($4.9 b
26、illion) in costs over the past five years and reduced its portfolio of brands from 1,600 to some 450. But it still failed to meet its targets for profit and sales, reporting a sales decline of 0.7% for the second quarter of this year. Andrew Wood at Sanford Bernstein, an investment-research firm, th
27、inks the main problem is under-investment in advertising and marketing, an infatuation with brands and unrealistic performance targets. Unilever cut its ad and marketing expenditure at the worst moment, says Mr. Wood. Com-moditised products are especially: vulnerable to the onslaught of retailers“ o
28、wn brands. In margarine, for instance, retailers“ own brands now capture as much as one-fifth of the market. Unilever also over-extended some successful brands, for instance Bertolli“s olive oils and pasta sauces. According to Mr. Wood, Unilever can sustainably grow its business about 3% a year; it
29、was shooting for 5-6%. Unilever“s chief financial officer (CFO) counters that consumers look for a product and then buy a brand, so his firm needs to focus on brands. Unilever intends to step up its marketing efforts, although ad spending is supposed to remain at current levels. At present, Unilever
30、 spends 14.5% of sales on ads. But even the CFO admits the company has “issues of competitiveness“. After seven quarters of disappointing performance, it needs to regain credibility with investors. Over the next few months, management will rethink its strategy for the next five-year plan. Patrick Ce
31、scau, a Frenchman who will take over from Mr. FitzGerald, is inheriting a tricky legacy.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following about “Path to Growth“ strategy is true?（分数：2.00）A.It is hard to carry out.B.It has a glorious history.C.It underlines Unilever“s brands.D.it brings high growth.(2).According
32、to the passage, Niall FitzGerald（分数：2.00）A.is an incompetent leader.B.will retire with great honor.C.will become Patrick“s predecessor.D.is one of Unilever“s founders.(3).In the eyes of Unilever, its troubles mainly lie in（分数：2.00）A.fierce competition,B.its inefficiency.C.the depressing sales.D.its
33、strategy.(4).We can learn from the last paragraph that Patrick Cescau（分数：2.00）A.will abandon the focus on brands.B.will face a tough situation.C.will acquaint himself with tricky tactics.D.will hold on “Path to Growth“ strategy.(5).Unilever“s CFO thinks that Wood“s comments are（分数：2.00）A.not unreali
34、stic,B.generally acceptable.C.short of logic.D.basically erroneous.4.Part B_In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list (A、B、C、D、E、F、G) to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are several extra choices, which do not f
35、it in any of the gaps. (10 points) Cardiologists have pioneered the world“s first non-surgical bypass operation to turn a vein into an artery using a new technique to divert blood flow in a man with severe heart disease. (41) 1. Although major heart surgery is becoming commonplace, with more than 28
36、,000 bypass operations in the UK annually, it is traumatic for patients and involves a long recovery period. The new technique was carried out by an international team of doctors who performed the non-invasive surgery on a 53-year-old German patient. (42) 2. According to a special report in Circulat
37、ion: Journal of the American Heart Association, cardiologists developed a special catheter(导管) which was inserted into one of his leg arteries, threaded up through the aorta(主动脉) to the top of the diseased artery, which was the only part still open and receiving blood. (43) 3. A thin, flexible wire
38、was threaded through the needle and the needle and catheter were with-drawn, leaving the wire behind and a small angioplasty(血管成形术) balloon, which was used to widen the channel. Finally, the vein was blocked off just above the new channel allowing blood from the artery to be re-routed down the vein.
39、 (44) 4. Dr. Stephen Oasterle, who led the team, said: “This milestone marks the first coronary artery bypass performed with a catheter. The technology offers a realistic hope for truly minimally invasive bypass procedures in the future“. Dr. Oasterle is director of cardiology at Massachusetts Gener
40、al Hospital and associate professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School in Boston. Melanie Haddon, cardiac nurse at the British Heart Foundation, said it was likely to be many years before the procedure was routinely used in hospitals. “Non-invasive surgery, such as this new method, could help min
41、imize the risks, bringing great benefits to the patient“. A clot-busting drug combined with 10-minute spurts of exercise has been found to grow new blood vessels in children with heart disease. (45) 5. X-rays showed that over a five month period a network of tiny new blood vessels formed in two of t
42、he patients. In all seven individuals, the treatment was associated with improved blood flow to the heart muscle in the areas around the blockage.A. In every case, the therapy increased the size of the blocked artery allowing more blood to pass through.B. The diabetic patient, who has not been named
43、, had suffered severe chest pains because one of his coronary arteries was severely blocked and depriving his heart muscle of oxygen, but he was considered by doctors to be unsuitable for traditional bypass surgery.C. Then, guided by ultra-sound a physician pushed a needle from inside the catheter t
44、hrough the artery wall and into the adjacent vein.D. The keyhole procedure, which avoids the extensive invasive surgery of a conventional bypass, will offer hope to tens of thousands of people at risk from heart attacks. Coronary heart disease, where the arteries are progressively silted up with fat
45、ty deposits, is responsible in a major industrial country like Britain for more than 160,000 deaths each year.E. After the procedure, the vein effectively became an artery, carrying blood in the reverse direction from the previous way, and feeding the starved heart tissue with oxygen.F. Researchers
46、in Japan studied seven children and teenagers, aged 6 to 19, who had a totally blocked artery and could not be helped by surgery. They were asked to exercise on a bicycle ma-chine twice a day for 10 days and given the anti-clotting drug before each session.G. It is very premature to suggest that thi
47、s technique will significantly reduce the need for coronary bypass surgery in the near future. It won“t be a solution for everyone. The reality is that veins are not always located that close to an artery, so it wouldn“t work under certain circumstances.（分数：8.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_5.Part CD
48、irections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese._To avoid the various foolish opinions to which man is liable, no superhuman genius is required. A few simple roles will keep you, not from all error, but from silly error. If the matter is one that ca
