1、考研英语-试卷 220 及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_One of the most important results of research into ageing has been to pinpoint the si
2、gnificance of short-term memory. This faculty is easily (1)_ as ageing advances. What seems to (2)_ is that in formation is received by the brain, (3)_ scans it for meaning in order to decode it at some future time. It looks as if the actual (4)_ of the short-term memory itself may not change too mu
3、ch (5)_ age. A young man and a man in his late fifties may (6)_ be able to remember and repeat a(n) (7)_ of eight numbers recited to them. But what (8)_ change is that when the older man is asked to re member anything (9)_ between the time he is first given the numbers to memorise and the time he is
4、 asked to (10)_ them, he will be much less likely to remember the (11)_ numbers than the young man. This is because the scanning stage is more easily (12)_ by other activities in (13)_ people. In (14)_ living one experiences this as a fairly minor (15)_a telephone number forgotten while one looks (1
5、6)_ an area code, or the first part of (17)_ street directions confused with the fast because the last “turn lefts“ and“ turn rights“ have interfered (18)_ remembering the first directions. In more formal learning, however, the (19)_ of short-term memory is more than just a mild social embarrassment
6、. It can be a serious bar to further (20)_ or indeed to any progress at all.（分数：40.00）A.discoveredB.strengthenedC.displayedD.disturbedA.happenB.existC.workD.doA.asB.thatC.whichD.whatA.performanceB.capacityC.actionD.activityA.forB.withC.overD.underA.neitherB.noneC.eitherD.bothA.averageB.percentageC.a
7、mountD.proportionA.willB.wouldC.doesD.didA.elseB.moreC.particularD.specialA.decodeB.explainC.produceD.repeatA.difficultB.differentC.originalD.previousA.finishedB.completedC.disruptedD.eruptedA.youngerB.olderC.mostD.commonA.dailyB.ordinaryC.normalD.usualA.offenceB.irritationC.distressD.disgraceA.upB.
8、forC.atD.overA.inconvenientB.inadequateC.conventionalD.complicatedA.byB.withC.forD.overA.collapseB.absenceC.lackD.decayA.attainmentB.acquisitionC.learningD.reaching二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the
9、questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._Last November, engineers in the healthcare division of GE unveiled something called the “Light Speed VCT“, a scanner that can create a startlingly good three-dimensional image of a beating heart. This spring Staples, an American office-supplies ret
10、ailer, will stock its shelves with a gadget called a “wordlock“, a padlock that uses words instead of numbers. The connection? In each case, the firm“s customers have played a big part in designing the product. How does innovation happen? The familiar story involves scientist in academic institutes
11、and R Some opponents of naturalism would argue that naturalists in the broad sense are at least somewhat inconsistent and that naturalism in the broad sense leads logically to strict naturalism. Many Strict naturalists would agree with this. Those who reject naturalism in both the strict and broad s
12、ense do so for a variety of reasons. They may have positive arguments for the existence of some of what naturalists deny, or they may have what seem to be decisive refutations of some or all of the arguments for naturalism. But, in addition to particular arguments against naturalist tenets or their
13、grounds of belief, some opponents of naturalism believe that there is a general argument which holds against any form of naturalism. These opponents hold that naturalism has a “fatal flaw“ or, to put it more strongly, that naturalism is self-destroying. If naturalism is true, then human reason must
14、be the result of natural forces. These natural forces are not, on the naturalistic view, rational themselves, nor can they be the result of a rational cause. So human reason would be the result of nonrational causes. This, it can be argued, gives us a strong reason to distrust human reason, especial
15、ly in its less practical and more theoretical exercises. But the theory of naturalism is itself such an exercise of theoretical reason. If natural ism is true, we would have strong reasons to distrust theoretical reasoning. If we distrust theoretical reasoning, we distrust particular applications of
16、 it, such as the theory of naturalism. Thus, if natural ism is true, we have strong reasons to distrust naturalism.（分数：10.00）(1).Naturalism believes that（分数：2.00）A.human can do things with their free will.B.deterministic natural laws can explain everything.C.absolute values Should be based on a more
17、 reasonable ground.D.universe is dependent on subjective experience.(2).Many strict naturalists“ attitudes towards the categorizing of naturalists might be（分数：2.00）A.disapproving,B.puzzled.C.content.D.appreciative.(3).Which of the following concerning those who reject naturalism are true?（分数：2.00）A.
18、they accept some of the naturalists“ denials.B.their retort on naturalism is too sharp to be convincing.C.all their arguments against naturalism are not universal.D.there exist mortal defects in their own arguments.(4).In the last paragraph, the author tries to justify his conclusion by（分数：2.00）A.re
19、ducing to absurdity.B.making an comparison.C.giving an example.D.explaining a phenomenon.(5).The general argument against naturalism focuses on its（分数：2.00）A.inherent impracticability.B.wrong assumption.C.inner contradiction.D.illogical reasoning.If open-source software is supposed to be free, how d
20、oes anyone selling it make any money? It“s not that different from how other software companies make money. You“d think that a software company would make most of its money from, well, selling software. But you“d be wrong. For one thing, companies don“t sell software, strictly speaking; they license
21、 it. The profit margin on a software license is nearly 100 percent, which is why Microsoft gushes billions of dollars every quarter. But what“s the value of a license to a customer? A license doesn“t deliver the code, provide the utilities to get a piece of software running, or answer the phone when
22、 something inevitably goes wrong. The value of software, in short, doesn“t lie in the software alone. The value is in making sure the soft ware does its job. Just as a traveler should look at the overall price of a vacation package instead of obsessing over the price of the plane ticket or hotel roo
23、m, a smart tech buyer won“t focus on how much the license costs and ignore the support contract or the maintenance agreement. Open-source is not that different. If you want the software to work, you have to pay to ensure it will work. The open-source companies have refined the software model by sell
24、ing subscriptions. They roll together support and maintenance and charge an annual fee, which is a healthy model, though not quite as wonderful as Microsoft“s money-raking one. Tellingly, even Microsoft is casting an envious eye at aspects of the open-source business model. The company has been taki
25、ng halting steps toward a similar subscription scheme for its software sales. Microsoft“s subscription program, known as Soft ware Assurance, provides maintenance and support together with a software license. It lets you up grade to Microsoft“s next version of the software for a predictable sum. But
26、 it also contains an implicit threat: If you don“t switch to Software Assurance now, who knows how much Microsoft will charge you when you decide to upgrade? Chief information officers hate this kind of “assurance“, since they“re often perfectly happy running older versions of software that are prov
27、en and stable. Microsoft, on the other hand, rakes in the software-licensing fees only when customers upgrade. Software Assurance is Microsoft“s attempt to get those same licensing fees but wrap them together with the service and support needed to keep systems running. That“s why Microsoft finds the
28、 open-source model so threatening: open-source companies have no vested interest in getting more licensing fees and don“t have to pad their service contracts with that extra cost. In the end, the main difference between open-source and proprietary software companies may be the size of the check you
29、have to write.（分数：10.00）(1).The author used the example of a traveler(Para. 3) to show that（分数：2.00）A.the value of software should be considered as a whole.B.tech buyers should care little about license.C.a license doesn“t comprise support and maintenance.D.customers have to pay a lot to get a licen
30、se.(2).Which of the following seems to be the overall attitude of Microsoft toward subscription plan?（分数：2.00）A.Eager.B.Doubtful.C.Confident.D.Hesitant.(3).According to the passage Microsoft（分数：2.00）A.operates a better sales system.B.uses open-source business model as a reference.C.forces tech buyer
31、s to upgrade the software.D.charges an annual fee for the service and support.(4).That extra cost(Para. 5) probably refers to（分数：2.00）A.software-licensing fees.B.total cost of a software product.C.payment for service contracts.D.the charge for subscription.(5).Which of the following is true about Mi
32、crosoft?（分数：2.00）A.It disgusts many chief information officers.B.It has developed its own open-source software.C.Its new program requires its customers pay in advance.D.It envies open-source companies for their great profits.Niall FitzGerald would have liked to leave Unilever in a blaze of glory whe
33、n he retires at the end of September. The co-chief executive of the Anglo-Dutch consumer-goods group was one of the godfathers of Unilever“s “Path to Growth“ strategy of focusing on its brands, which was launched live years ago. But the plan failed to deliver on many of its promises. On September 20
34、th, Unilever warned that it would not report its promised double-digit growth in profits this year. It is a tough time for producers of branded consumer goods. Unilever and its competitors have to cope with pressure on prices and stiff competition from supermarkets“ own brands, Colgate-Palmolive war
35、ned of lower profits on the “same day, Nestle recently disappointed investors with its latest results. Even so, Unilever admits the bulk of its troubles are self-inflicted. The “Path to Growth“ strategy aimed to make the firm more efficient. Unilever saved about 4 billion euro ($4.9 billion) in cost
36、s over the past five years and reduced its portfolio of brands front 1,600 to some 450, but it still failed to meet its targets for profit and sales, reporting a sales decline of 0.7% for the second quarter of this year. Andrew Wood at Sanford Bernstein, an investment-research firm, thinks the main
37、problem is under-investment in advertising and marketing, an infatuation with brands and unrealistic performance targets. Unilever cut its ad and marketing expenditure at the worst moment, says Mr. Wood. Commoditised products are especially vulnerable to the onslaught of retailers“ own brands. In ma
38、rgarine, for instance, retailers“ own brands now capture as much as one-fifth of the market. Unilever also over extended some successful brands, for instance Bertolli“s olive oils and pasta sauces. According to Mr. Wood, Unilever can sustainably grow its business about 3% a year; it was shooting for
39、 5-6%. Unilever“s chief financial officer (CFO) counters that consumers look for a product and then buy a brand, so his firm needs to focus on brands. Unilever intends to step up its marketing efforts, al though ad spending is supposed to remain at current levels. At present, Unilever spends 14.5% o
40、f sales on ads. But even the CFO admits the company has “issues of competitiveness“. After seven quarters of disappointing performance, it needs to regain credibility with investors. Over the next few months, management will rethink its strategy for the next five-year plan. Patrick Cescau, a Frenchm
41、an who will take over from Mr. FitzGerald, is inheriting a tricky legacy.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following about “Path to Growth“ strategy is true?（分数：2.00）A.It is hard to carry out.B.It has a glorious history.C.it underlines Unilever“s brands.D.It brings high growth.(2).According to the passage,
42、 Niall FitzGerald（分数：2.00）A.is an incompetent leader.B.will retire with great honor.C.will become Patrick“s predecessor.D.is one of Unilever“s founders.(3).In the eyes of Unilever, its troubles mainly lie in（分数：2.00）A.fierce competition,B.its inefficiency.C.the depressing sales,D.its strategy.(4).We
43、 can learn from the last paragraph that Patrick Cescau（分数：2.00）A.will abandon the focus on brands.B.will face a tough situation.C.will acquaint himself with tricky tactics.D.will hold on “Path to Growth“ strategy.(5).Unilever“s CFO thinks that Wood“s comments are（分数：2.00）A.not unrealistic.B.generall
44、y acceptable.C.short of logic.D.basically erroneous.4.Part B_In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list (A、B、C、D、E、F、G) to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are several extra choices, which do not fit in any of th
45、e gaps. (10 points) Cardiologists have pioneered the world“s first non-surgical bypass operation to turn a vein into an artery using a new technique to divert blood flow in a man with severe heart disease. (41) 1. Although major heart surgery is becoming commonplace, with more than 28,000 bypass ope
46、rations in the UK annually, it is traumatic for patients and involves a long recovery period. The new technique was carried out by an international team bf doctors who performed the non-invasive surgery on a 53-year-old German patient. (42) 2. According to a special report in Circulation: Journal of
47、 the American Heart Association, cardiologists developed a special catheter(导管) which was inserted into one of his leg arteries, threaded up through the aorta(主动脉) to the top of the diseased artery, which was the only part still open and receiving blood. (43) 3. A thin, flexible wire was threaded th
48、rough the needle and the needle and catheter were with drawn, leaving the wire behind and a small angioplasty(血管成形术) balloon, which was used to widen the channel. Finally, the vein was blocked off just above the new channel allowing blood from the artery to be rerouted down the vein. (44) 4. Dr. Stephen Oesterle, who led the team, said: “This milestone marks the first coronary artery bypass performed with a catheter. The technology offers a realistic hope f
