1、考研英语 119及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Historians are detectives searching out the evidence of the past in their pursuit of history. This is a challenging and frequently engaging quest 1 its own, but evidence must be turned to 2 . Primary sources that are uncovered 3 many
2、 forms that vary 4 the questions asked and the period studied, but written records are 5 historians use more than any other. The historian does not 6 evidence in the manner of courts of law, where questions of admissibility and truth versus falsehood are 7 . The historians use of evidence is much mo
3、re 8 Determining how and with what end 9 mind any piece of evidence came into existence are the first tasks 10 the historian in the internal criticism of historical sources. It is important to know, for instance, who 11 a particular census and with what instructions, or 12 a correspondent was addres
4、sing a friend or foe, colleague or opponent. For many years historians divided evidence into the two 13 of primary and secondary sources. The former were considered as any 14 or artifact from the period 15 study, the latter as descriptions or reconstructions based on primary sources. The function of
5、 the historian, it was 16 , was to convert primary sources into secondary sources. This 17 misleads. What have been called secondary sources am not historical sources at all, but 18 that reveal the historians point of view. All evidence used by the historian was a primary source at the time it was 1
6、9 and it is always partial and incomplete. Therein lies part of the 20 of history. （分数：1.00）(1).Historians are detectives searching out the evidence of the past in their pursuit of history. This is a challenging and frequently engaging quest 1 its own, but evidence must be turned to 2 . Primary sour
7、ces that are uncovered 3 many forms that vary 4 the questions asked and the period studied, but written records are 5 historians use more than any other. The historian does not 6 evidence in the manner of courts of law, where questions of admissibility and truth versus falsehood are 7 . The historia
8、ns use of evidence is much more 8 Determining how and with what end 9 mind any piece of evidence came into existence are the first tasks 10 the historian in the internal criticism of historical sources. It is important to know, for instance, who 11 a particular census and with what instructions, or
9、12 a correspondent was addressing a friend or foe, colleague or opponent. For many years historians divided evidence into the two 13 of primary and secondary sources. The former were considered as any 14 or artifact from the period 15 study, the latter as descriptions or reconstructions based on pri
10、mary sources. The function of the historian, it was 16 , was to convert primary sources into secondary sources. This 17 misleads. What have been called secondary sources am not historical sources at all, but 18 that reveal the historians point of view. All evidence used by the historian was a primar
11、y source at the time it was 19 and it is always partial and incomplete. Therein lies part of the 20 of history. （分数：0.05）A.forB.onC.byD.inA.accountB.functionC.validityD.referenceA.whichB.whatC.thatD.whoA.assessB.assignC.justifyD.testifyA.prominentB.predominantC.prevalentD.proficientA.smartB.briskC.s
12、ubtleD.accurateA.ofB.inC.atD.onA.fascinatingB.facilitatingC.frontingD.facingA.forgedB.initiatedC.collectedD.conductedA.whyB.howC.whenD.whetherA.categoriesB.catalogsC.classicsD.criteriaA.fileB.eventC.recordD.documentA.presentB.undertakeC.presumeD.assumeA.duringB.underC.uponD.beforeA.maintainedB.confi
13、rmedC.emphasizedD.adheredA.diversionB.distributionC.distortionD.distinctionA.interventionsB.interpretationsC.presentationsD.comprehensionsA.exposedB.uncoveredC.generatedD.createdA.fascinationB.contradictionC.imperfectionD.implicationA.intoB.fromC.withD.about二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)1. (1) Int
14、erpret the following pictures. (2) Predict the tendency of tobacco consumption and give your reasons. (1) Interpret the following pictures. (2) Predict the tendency of tobacco consumption and give your reasons.*（分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)When a new movement in art attains a certain fa
15、shion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futu
16、rist poetry may be-even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right-it can hardly be classed as Literature. This, in brief, is what the Futurist says: for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and spe
17、ed. Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change. This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression. We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress. We must pour out a large stream of essential words,
18、 unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs. Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them ;we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will. Certainly their descriptions of battles are confus
19、ed. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river-and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers:
20、 “Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.“ This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature. All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change o
21、f expression. The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed? （分数：1.00）(1).This passage is mainly_.（分数：0.25）A.a survey of new approaches to artB.a review of Futurist poetryC.about merits of the Futurist movementD.about laws and requirements of literature(2).When a novel literary idea
22、 appears, people should try to_.（分数：0.25）A.determine its purposesB.ignore its flawsC.follow the new fashionsD.accept the principles(3).Futurists claim that we must_.（分数：0.25）A.increase the production of literatureB.use poetry to relieve modern stressC.develop new modes of expressionD.avoid using adj
23、ectives and verbs(4).The author believes that Futurist poetry is_.（分数：0.25）A.based on reasonable principlesB.new and acceptable to ordinary peopleC.indicative of a basic change in human natureD.more of a transient phenomenon than literatureSince the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever
24、more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in roboticsthe science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun t
25、o come close. As a result, the modem world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank
26、us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accu
27、racyfar greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselvesgoals that pose a real chall
28、enge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,“ says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can t yet give a robot enough common sense to reliably interact with a dynamic world.“ Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results.
29、 Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries. What they found, in attem
30、pting to model thought, is that the human brain s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talentedand human perception far more complicatedthan previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled fact
31、ory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth
32、can t approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still dont know quite how we do it. （分数：1.00）(1). Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robo
33、ticsthe science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close. As a result, the modem world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose
34、universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the cont
35、inual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracyfar greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. But if robots are to reach the next stag
36、e of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselvesgoals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,“ says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we ca
37、n t yet give a robot enough common sense to reliably interact with a dynamic world.“ Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be ab
38、le to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries. What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talentedand human perception
39、far more complicatedthan previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant,
40、 instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can t approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still dont know quite how we do it. （分数：0.20）_Financial engineers dont wear
41、white lab coats. They dont experiment on rats or perform gas chromatography(气相层析). Their raw material-money-isnt as showy as what biologists and physicists investigate. But the innovations they produce will contribute just as much to economic growth. Maybe more, in fact, because without the science
42、of finance, all other sciences are just a bunch of neat concepts. Ideas begin to tribute to human betterment when theyre financed-by venture capital, stock offerings, loans, or buyouts. A smoothly operating financial system showers money on good ideas. Equally important, it cuts off funding to tired
43、 ideas and tired companies, so their assets can be employed more efficiently elsewhere. In the 21st century economy, innovation in finance will increase in concert with the increase in competition. Partly because of deregulation and globalization, competition should get tougher, and margins thinner.
44、 As products such as home mortgage loans become commoditized, financial- service companies will be forced to get more creative. Financial technology will keep feeding off information technology. The secret to success will be a strong software platform, which will lower the cost of general services w
45、hile making it possible to create high-margin variations as well. A few companies that get it right can spin away from the rest and become stronger and stronger. In the new world of finance, size counts. Big companies enjoy economies of scale and name recognition, and they can be safer because their
46、 bets are spread across more regions and market segments. The value of U. S. bank mergers in the first half of 1998 was greater than that of the three previous years combined. The mergers are occurring across industries as well. At the other extreme will be specialists that survive by doing one thin
47、g either very cheaply or exceptionally well. By offering lower prices or better service, specialists will discipline the financial supermarkets; the big guys know their customers can walk away if they get a raw deal. “There is no way we are going to maximize a short-term transactional benefit at the risk of destroying a long-term relationship,“ says Chase Manhattan Corp. Vice-Chairman Joseph G. Sponholz. Predictably, the biggest winners from financial innovation will be companies, and families that have complex finances. Banks already show
