1、Designation: D4427 13 (Reapproved 2017)D4427 18Standard Classification ofPeat Samples by Laboratory Testing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4427; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This classification is a syst
3、em for subdividing and assigning nomenclature to peat samples through laboratory tests.1.2 Peat is considered to be a naturally occurring organic soil primarily derived from decomposing plant material that hassedentarily accumulated in water-saturated, anaerobic environments. It is found in peatland
4、s, bogs, mangroves, mires, moors, andmuskegs and is generally composed of mosses, grasses, leaves, sedges, and shrubs. Changes in depositional environment can createsubsurface peat deposits underlying inorganic soils. Typically, peat has a low density, high water content, and is quite compressiblewh
5、en compared to other types of soil1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems,concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices anddetermine th
6、e applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedb
7、y the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained FluidsD1997 Test Method for Laboratory Determination of the Fiber Content of Peat Samples by Dry MassD2974 Test Methods for Moi
8、sture, Ash, and Organic Matter of Peat and Other Organic SoilsD2976 Test Method for pH of Peat MaterialsD2980 Test Method for Saturated Density, Moisture-Holding Capacity, and Porosity of Saturated Peat MaterialsD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspectio
9、n of Soil and Rock as Used inEngineering Design and Construction3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions:3.1.1 For definitions of common technical terms in this standard, refer to Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 absorbencythe amount of water by mass that can
10、 be held by the peat. This amount is expressed in terms of thewater-holding capacity as measured using Test Method D2980.3.2.2 acidityexpressed as the pH of the peat in water as measured using Test Method D2976.3.2.3 ash contentthe percentage by dry mass of material remaining after the oven dry peat
11、 is burned, using the methodsdescribed in Test Methods D2974.3.2.4 botanical compositionthe dominant plant genus, genera, or informal plant group identified by visual observation ascomprising a portion of the fiber in the peat.1 This classification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on
12、Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.07 on Identification andClassification of Soils.Current edition approved May 1, 2017Jan. 1, 2018. Published July 2017February 2018. Originally approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 20132017 asD4427 13.D4427 13(2017). DO
13、I: 10.1520/D4427-13R17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard
14、and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases onl
15、y the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.5 fiber contentth
16、e dry mass of fibers remaining after wet sieving over a No. 100 (150-m) sieve. Fiber content is expressedas a percentage of the original dry mass, using the method described in Test Method D1997.4. Significance and Use4.1 The purpose of this classification is to standardize the naming of peat materi
17、als so that the peat-producer can better identifythe product and the peat-consumer can better select peat materials to meet requirements. This system may also be used for peatresource evaluations, environmental impact reports, and preliminary engineering studies. The parameters selected for use in t
18、hisclassification are ones which have been determined to relate to the agricultural/horticultural, geotechnical, and energy uses of peats.NOTE 1The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of theequipment and f
19、acilities used.Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing. Usersof this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors;Practice D
20、3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.5. Sampling5.1 Representative samples of the peat should be used. The size and type of sample needed is dependent on the tests to beperformed and the coarseness and moisture content of the peat. When taking the sample, it should be accurately
21、 identified andplaced in a sealed container to prevent moisture loss.6. Basis for Classification6.1 Fiber Content:6.1.1 FibricPeat with greater than 67 % fibers.6.1.2 HemicPeat with between 33 % and 67 % fibers.6.1.3 SapricPeat with less than 33 % fibers.NOTE 2These fiber content categories may be r
22、elated to the widely used field assessment of the degree of humification (H) developed by Von Post.3Fibric corresponds approximately to H1 H3, hemic to H4 H6, and sapric to H7 H10.6.2 Ash ContentAs measured by Test Methods D2974:6.2.1 Low AshPeat with less than 5 % ash.6.2.2 Medium AshPeat with betw
23、een 5 and 15 % ash.6.2.3 High AshPeat with more than 15 % ash.6.3 AcidityAs measured by Test Method D2976:6.3.1 Highly AcidicPeat with a pH less than 4.5.6.3.2 Moderately AcidicPeat with a pH between 4.5 and 5.5.6.3.3 Slightly AcidicPeat with a pH greater than 5.5 and less than 7.6.3.4 BasicPeat wit
24、h a pH equal to or greater than 7.6.4 AbsorbencyAs measured by Test Method D2980:6.4.1 Extremely AbsorbentPeat with a water-holding capacity greater than 1500 %.6.4.2 Highly AbsorbentPeat with a water-holding capacity between 800 and 1500 %.6.4.3 Moderately AbsorbentPeat with a water-holding capacit
25、y greater than 300 and less than 800 %.6.4.4 Slightly AbsorbentPeat with a water-holding capacity less than or equal to 300 %.6.5 Botanical CompositionIf a botanical designation is necessary, the following rules of naming should be applied:6.5.1 If a single botanical name or other botanical designat
26、ion is used, for example, Sphagnum Peat, Taxodium Peat, Moss Peat,Herbaceous Peat, or Woody Peat, it is necessary that at least 75 % of the fiber content of that peat should be derived from thedesignated type of plant material.6.5.2 If two or more botanical designations are used in naming the peat,
27、for example, Reed-Sedge Peat, Bay-Gum Peat,Myrica-Persea-Salix Peat, Spruce-Moss-Sedge Peat, it is necessary that at least 75 % of the fiber content of that peat be composedof these types of plants as a group. Furthermore, the order of the plant types in the group name should indicate the relative q
28、uantityof each type in the peat with the dominant component appearing last.NOTE 3For peats with less than 33 % fiber (that is, Sapric) it would be advisable to refrain from using a botanical designation unless a significantportion of the non-fiber can be identified (for example, algal peat).7. Use o
29、f This System7.1 The order of classification should be as follows: fiber content, ash content, acidity, absorbency, and botanical designation,if necessary.3 Korpijaakko, E. O., and Woolnough, D. F., “Peatland Survey and Inventory”, Muskeg and the Northern Environment in Canada, University of Toronto
30、 Press, 1977.D4427 1827.2 For example, a peat sample with a fiber content of 55 %, an ash content of 8 %, a pH of 4.7, a water-holding capacity of1200 %, and with 70 % of its fibers derived from Sphagnum and 20 % from Carex would be designated a Hemic, Medium Ash,Moderately Acidic, Highly Absorbent,
31、 Carex-Sphagnum Peat.8. Precision and Bias8.1 PrecisionTest data on precision is not presented due to the nature of the materials tested by this standard. It is either notfeasible or too costly at this time to have ten or more laboratories participate in a round-robin testing program. In addition, i
32、t iseither not feasible or too costly to produce multiple specimens that have uniform physical properties. Any variation observed inthe data is just as likely to be due to specimen variation as to operator or laboratory testing variation.8.1.1 Subcommittee D18.07 is seeking any data from the users o
33、f this classification that might be used to make a limitedstatement on precision.8.2 BiasThere is no accepted reference value for this test method, therefore, bias cannot be determined.9. Keywords9.1 absorbency; acidity; ash content; botanical composition; classification; fiber content; laboratory t
34、esting; nomenclature; peatSUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee D18 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(D442713(2017) that may impact the use of this standard. (January 1, 2018)(1) Added 1.2 and renumbered.ASTM International takes no position respecting the va
35、lidity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is su
36、bject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headqua
37、rters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standa
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