1、考研英语 13及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)There is nothing illogical or synthetic about the humility ( modesty ) of great bookmen in calling attention to the limitations of the book. No book can 1 us to know everything that is to be known, or feel everything that is to be fel
2、t. A book is part of life, not a substitute 2 it. It is not a fit 3 for worship or enshrinement. It loses its charm and much of its value when accepted 4 No one would have been more 5 than Aristotle if he could have known of the excessive and 6 veneration that would be given to his ideas in centurie
3、s to 7 . When his works became the 8 words of advance knowledge, 9 knowledge became neither advanced nor vital. The particular occasion for these remarks is that there are 10 here and there that some of us in the book world may be 11 ourselves too seriously. In the effort to increase book reading so
4、me 12 things are being said about books. It is made to 13 that nothing is happening now that has not happened before, and that the only true approach to understanding is 14 books. We do neither service nor justice to books by 15 upon them such omnipotence and omniscience. Many of the answers we need
5、 today are not necessarily to be found between 16 There are elements of newness in the present 17 of man that will not readily be 18 of by required reading or ready reference. Books are not slide rules or blueprints for 19 automatic answers. What is needed is a mighty blend of the wisdom of the ages
6、 20 fresh, razor-edged analytical thought. （分数：1.00）(1).There is nothing illogical or synthetic about the humility ( modesty ) of great bookmen in calling attention to the limitations of the book. No book can 1 us to know everything that is to be known, or feel everything that is to be felt. A book
7、is part of life, not a substitute 2 it. It is not a fit 3 for worship or enshrinement. It loses its charm and much of its value when accepted 4 No one would have been more 5 than Aristotle if he could have known of the excessive and 6 veneration that would be given to his ideas in centuries to 7 . W
8、hen his works became the 8 words of advance knowledge, 9 knowledge became neither advanced nor vital. The particular occasion for these remarks is that there are 10 here and there that some of us in the book world may be 11 ourselves too seriously. In the effort to increase book reading some 12 thin
9、gs are being said about books. It is made to 13 that nothing is happening now that has not happened before, and that the only true approach to understanding is 14 books. We do neither service nor justice to books by 15 upon them such omnipotence and omniscience. Many of the answers we need today are
10、 not necessarily to be found between 16 There are elements of newness in the present 17 of man that will not readily be 18 of by required reading or ready reference. Books are not slide rules or blueprints for 19 automatic answers. What is needed is a mighty blend of the wisdom of the ages 20 fresh,
11、 razor-edged analytical thought. （分数：0.05）A.informB.promiseC.enableD.assureA.ofB.forC.toD.withA.disturbedB.disguisedC.intervenedD.interruptedA.dreadfulB.respectfulC.harmfulD.faithfulA.goB.comeC.passD.emergA.bigB.endC.lateD.lastA.suchB.muchC.mostD.thisA.symbolsB.signsC.marksD.trailsA.confiningB.deman
12、dingC.takingD.pushingA.extraordinaryB.exceptionalC.excessiveD.extravagantA.showB.appearC.proveD.indicateA.throughB.withC.amongD.fromA.subjectB.issueC.matterD.mageA.focusB.conferringC.imposingD.installingA.pagesB.coversC.linesD.wordsA.positionB.situationC.statusD.dilemmaA.disposedB.discernedC.dischar
13、gedD.dispersedA.polishingB.regulatingC.furnishingD.forwardingA.fromB.withC.overD.forA.unreasonablyB.unprofitablyC.unwillinglyD.uncritically二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)1.Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the picture, 2) interpret its meaning,
14、and 3) state your plan to do so. You should write about 160 -200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the picture, 2) interpret its meaning,and 3) state your plan to do so. You should write about 160 -200
15、 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) *（分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)A “radiative forcing“ is any change imposed on the Earth that affect the planetary energy balance. Radiative forcings include changes in greenhouse gases (such as carbon dioxide and ozone), aerosols in the atmosp
16、here, solar irradiance, and surface reflectivity. A forcing may result from either a natural or an anthropogenic cause, or from both, as in the case of atmospheric aerosol concentrations, which can be altered either by volcanic action or the burning of fossil fuels. Radiative forcings are typically
17、specified for the purpose of theoretical global climate simulations. In contrast, radiative “feedbacks“ are environmental changes resulting from climate changes and are calculated from scientific observation. Radiative feedbacks include changes in such phenomena as clouds, atmospheric water vapor, s
18、ea-ice cover, and snow cover. The interplay between forcings and feedbacks can be quite complex. For example, an increase in the concentration of atmospheric water vapor increases solar irradiance, thereby warming the atmosphere and, in turn, increasing evaporation and the concentration of atmospher
19、ic water vapor. A related example of this complex interplay also shows the uncertainty of future climatic changes associated with forcings and feedbacks. Scientists are unsure how the reduction of ozone will ultimately affect clouds and, in turn, the Earth temperature. Clouds trap outgoing, cooling
20、radiation, thereby providing a warming influence. However, they also reflect incoming solar radiation and thus provide a cooling influence. Currents measurements indicate that the net effect of clouds is to cool the Earth. However, scientists do not know how the balance might shift in the future as
21、cloud formation and dispersion are affected by ozone reduction. Contributing to this uncertainty is the complexity of the mechanisms at work in the process of ozone reduction. The amount of radiation reaching the earths surface and the amount of reradiated radiation that is trapped by the greenhouse
22、 effect influence the Earths temperature in opposite directions. Both mechanisms are affected by the vertical distribution of ozone. Also, the relative importance of these two competing mechanisms depends on the altitude at which ozone changes occur. In a recent NASA-sponsored aircraft study of the
23、Antarctic ozone hole, chlorine monoxide was measured at varying altitudes. The measurements suggest that chlorine plays a greater role, and oxides of nitrogen a lesser role, than previously thought in the destruction of ozone in the lower atmosphere. The study concluded that simultaneous high-resolu
24、tion measurements at many different altitudes (on the scale of 0.1 kilometer in vertical extent) are necessary to diagnose the operative mechanisms. These findings have called into question conventional explanations for ozone reduction, which fail to adequately account for the new evidence. (NASA=Na
25、tional Aeronautics and Space Administration 国家航空航天局) （分数：1.00）(1). We learn from the text that the burning of petrol（分数：0.20）A.forms one of anthropogenic causes of radiative forcings.B.results in both radiative forcings and radiative feedbacks.C.can hardly affect atmospheric forcings and feedbacks.D
26、.makes up a significant type of radiative forcing.(2).According to the text ,decreased evaporation is most likely to bring about（分数：0.20）A.a growth in water vapor concentration.B.a drop in atmospheric absorption of solar radiation.C.a decrease in other radiative forcings or feedbacks.D.an increase i
27、n atmospheric cooling effect.(3).The NASA-sponsored study of the ozone hole（分数：0.20）A.failed to demonstrate of the variablity of ozone amounts at varying heights.B.did not raise doubts about current means of measuring ozone reduction.C.neglected to underline the complexity in measuring radiative cha
28、nges.D.overlooked the distinction between early theories and recent evidence.(4). The example of ozone reduction is used to show the（分数：0.20）A.complex operations of feedbacks and forcingsB.distinction between radiative feedbacks and forcings.C.difficulty in balancing forcing-feedback interactions.D.
29、impact of cloud formation on global climate.(5).Scientists could more accurately predict the extent and direction of greenhouse effect if they were to（分数：0.20）A.monitor radiative feedbacks over a longer period.B.focus their research on determining reradiative changes.C.identify the types of the work
30、ings of ozone changes.D.calculate the precise altitude where ozone formations occur.Its a funny thing, happiness. People refer to it as something they want, something missing, as if it could be secured if they only knew where to find it. Lack of it is blamed on past relationships and hope for it pla
31、ced on future lovers. Desire for it becomes a restless quest. Yet over and again in therapy, it is clear that a hungry pursuit for the illusive state of happiness only ends in frustration and yet more unhappiness. When I ask a man whos just turned 40 and wants to try psychotherapy to tell me about t
32、he disappointments he mentions, he reels off a list: a love affair that lost its zest; a work project ruined by a colleague; a holiday spoiled by the weather; a plan halted by ill health. All were potential routes to happiness. And it is this endless feeling of things being spoilt that makes him fee
33、l let down by life and unhappy. He tells me that he had been a willful child. He was, he says, spoilt rotten by very loving parents. They had suffered much hardship in their own lives, and when hard work and good luck made them well off, they decided that he, their only son, would have all they had
34、lacked, and more. He had wanted for nothing. Yet this came with a cost. For having everything on a plate before he had even developed an appetite had robbed him of the chance to reach and struggle for something meaningful and of his very own. There had never been an empty space he had enjoyed workin
35、g to fill. Little wonder he was unable to remain attached to anything or anyone after frustration set in. Working through difficulty simply hadnt ever been asked of him. While hopefully a by-product of developing emotional maturity, happiness was not, I told him, a specific therapeutic aim. But ther
36、apy could offer the challenge to stay with, and so gradually understand, the meaning of his unhappiness, rather than bolting when the going got rough. The notion that we can uncover a meaning within our suffering supports the whole therapeutic venture. By working towards understanding the reasons fo
37、r his disappointments, this man had the chance to begin reshaping his own life journey. This was unlikely to give him happiness as a “given constant“, but could enable him to develop something far more important. As C. G. Jung, the founder of Analytical Psychology, said:“ The principal aim of psycho
38、therapy is not to transport the patient to an impossible state of happiness, but to help him acquire steadfastness and philosophic patience in the face of suffering. Life demands for its completion and fulfillment a balance between joy and sorrow.“ （分数：1.00）(1).The author argues that happiness is（分数
39、：0.20）A.fascinating.B.fantasticC.ridiculous.D.queer.(2).It is a usual ease with happiness that（分数：0.20）A.it is generally considered securable.B.it is commonly attributed to destiny.C.it often falls short of expectation.D.it routinely seems encouraging.(3) The psychoanalyst affirms that psychotherapy
40、（分数：0.20）A.represents happiness as its by-product.B.calls for full comprehension of happiness.C.stresses deep analysis of misfortunes.D.aims at complete realization of real life.(4). The patients unhappiness results primarily from his（分数：0.20）A.disappointment in love.B.affluent circumstances.C.indif
41、ference towards work.D.inability to face frustration.(5).The phrase “remain attached to“ (Par. 4) most probably means continue to（分数：0.20）A.be fond of.B.be eager for.C.be restricted to.D.be affiliated to.Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Ne
42、wspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project. Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lot
43、s of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want. But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day s events. In other words, there is a conventional story l
44、ine in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news. There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the “standard templates“ of the newsroom seem alien to many readers. In
45、 a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle-size cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions. Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likel
46、y to live in upscale neighborhoods,have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they re less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community. Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional val
47、ues of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isn t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers. This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business th
48、at keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many f
49、ormer buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class. （分数：1.00）(1). What is the passage mainly about?（分数：0.25）A.Needs of the readers all over the word.B.Causes of the public disappointment about newspapers.C.Origins of the declining newspaper industry.D.Aims of a journalism credibility project.(2).The results of
