1、考研英语 165及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)The human brain can do a lot of wonderful things; many of them include 1 mastery of complex feedback systems with long 2 For example, consider how difficult raising a child truly is. Many factors are 3 , including the nutritional, ph
2、ysical, emotional and mental condition of the child, and the feedback of these factors 4 the behavior of those involved in raising the child. To 5 matters, many of the responses of the child/parent “system“ take years to 6 themselves. Yet billions of parents have somehow 7 to feed, clothe, protect,
3、nurture, heal, teach, and love their children 8 successful adulthood. 9 all our intuitive sophistication in dealing with complicated situations, its a 10 to see how poorly we deal with some newer systems, most of 11 brought about by technology. Both raising children and protecting Earths life-suppor
4、t systems are 12 of life and death; in the long term, they are equally important. But 13 our brains seem fairly well prepared for the long-term process of raising kids, we seem to have 14 built-in skill for taking care of the environment that supports us, any children we might have, and all other 15
5、 . It seems that the “thinking“ parts of our brains cant deal with complicated systems and their long- term 16 ,and the 17 parts of our brains that can deal with complex systems dont help us much outside of their 18 areas. One of the goals of systems science is to use math and computers to help peop
6、le get better 19 taking care of Earths life-support systems. The task involves teaching our thinking brains about 20 complicated systems work. （分数：1.00）(1). The human brain can do a lot of wonderful things; many of them include 1 mastery of complex feedback systems with long 2 For example, consider
7、how difficult raising a child truly is. Many factors are 3 , including the nutritional, physical, emotional and mental condition of the child, and the feedback of these factors 4 the behavior of those involved in raising the child. To 5 matters, many of the responses of the child/parent “system“ tak
8、e years to 6 themselves. Yet billions of parents have somehow 7 to feed, clothe, protect, nurture, heal, teach, and love their children 8 successful adulthood. 9 all our intuitive sophistication in dealing with complicated situations, its a 10 to see how poorly we deal with some newer systems, most
9、of 11 brought about by technology. Both raising children and protecting Earths life-support systems are 12 of life and death; in the long term, they are equally important. But 13 our brains seem fairly well prepared for the long-term process of raising kids, we seem to have 14 built-in skill for tak
10、ing care of the environment that supports us, any children we might have, and all other 15 . It seems that the “thinking“ parts of our brains cant deal with complicated systems and their long- term 16 ,and the 17 parts of our brains that can deal with complex systems dont help us much outside of the
11、ir 18 areas. One of the goals of systems science is to use math and computers to help people get better 19 taking care of Earths life-support systems. The task involves teaching our thinking brains about 20 complicated systems work. （分数：0.05）A.firmB.solidC.latentD.virtualA.intervalsB.delaysC.staysD.
12、periodsA.complicateB.confuseC.contriveD.complementA.uncoverB.betrayC.discloseD.revealA.attemptedB.managedC.inclinedD.succeededA.forB.withC.intoD.beforeA.ByB.OnC.ToD.WithA.surpriseB.wonderC.chaosD.confusionA.thatB.whichC.themD.thoseA.affairsB.issuesC.problemsD.mattersA.whetherB.whenC.whereasD.whereve
13、rA.littleB.poorC.lameD.properA.concernedB.correlatedC.involvedD.incurredA.kidsB.thingsC.lifeD.mankindA.actionsB.effectsC.influencesD.functionsA.insensitiveB.initiativeC.indicativeD.intuitiveA.specializedB.minimizedC.circularizedD.characterizedA.toB.inC.atD.onA.whyB.howC.whenD.whereA.onB.ofC.fromD.wi
14、th二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)1.Write an essay of 160 - 200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should first describe the drawing, then interpret its meaning, and give your comment on it. You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) Write an essay of 160 - 200 word
15、s based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should first describe the drawing, then interpret its meaning, and give your comment on it. You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)* （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)The Supreme Court s decisions on physician-assisted suici
16、de carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect,“ a centuries-old moral principle holdi
17、ng that an action having two effectsa good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseenis permissible if the actor intends only the good effect. Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally iii patients pain, even though in
18、creasing dosages will eventually kill the patient. Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who“ until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten
19、death.“ George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. “Its like surgery,“ he says.“ We dont call tho
20、se deaths homicides because the doctors didnt intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If youre a physician, you can risk your patients suicide as long as you dont intend their suicide.“ On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide deb
21、ate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying. Just three weeks before the Courts ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at
22、 the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of“ ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying“ as the twin problems of end-of-life care. The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospic
23、es, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life. Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives
24、translate into better care.“ Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,“ to the extent that it constitutes“ systematic patient abuse.“ He says medical licensing boards“ must make it clear, that painful deaths are presumptively
25、ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension.“ （分数：1.00）(1).From the first three paragraphs, we learn that（分数：0.20）A.doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients pain.B.it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives.C.the Supreme C
26、ourt strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide.D.patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide.(2). Which of the following statements is true according to the text?（分数：0.20）A.Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients death.B.Modern medicine has assisted terminally iii patie
27、nts in painless recovery.C.The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.D.A doctors medication is no longer justified by his intentions.(3).According to the NAS s report, one of the problems in end-of-tire care is（分数：0.20）A.prolonged medical procedures.B.inadequate tr
28、eatment of pain.C.systematic drug abuse.D.insufficient hospital care(4).Which of the following best defines the word“ aggressive“ ( line 3, paragraph 7 ) ?（分数：0.20）A.Bold.B.Harmful.C.Careless.D.Desperate.(5).George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they（分数：0.20）A.manage t
29、heir patients incompetently.B.give patients more medicine than needed.C.reduce drug dosages for their patients.D.prolong the needless suffering of the patients.Modern technology and science have produced a wealth of new materials and new ways of using old materials. For the artist this means wider o
30、pportunities. There is no doubt that the limitations of materials and nature of tools both restrict and shape a mans work. Observe how the development of plastics and light metals along with new methods of welding has changed the direction of sculpture. Transparent plastic materials allow one to loo
31、k through an object, to see its various sides superimposed on each other (as in Cubism or in an X-ray). Today, welding is as prevalent as casting was in the past. This new method encourages open designs, where surrounding and intervening space becomes as important as form itself. More ambiguous than
32、 other scientific inventions familiar to modern artists, but no less influential, are the psychoanalytic studies of Freud and his followers, discoveries that have infiltrated recent art, especially Surrealism (超现实主义). The Surrealists, in their struggle to escape the monotony and frustrations of ever
33、yday life, claimed that dreams were the only hope. Turning to the irrational world of their unconscious, they banished all time barriers and moral judgments to combine disconnected dream experiences from the past, present and intervening psychological states. The Surrealists were concerned with over
34、lapping emotions more than with overlapping forms. Their paintings often become segmented capsules of associative experiences. For them, obsessive and often unrelated images replaced the direct emotional messages of Expressionism. They did not need to smash paint and canvas; they went beyond this to
35、 smash the whole continuity of logical thought. There is little doubt that contemporary art has taken much from contemporary life. In a period when science has made revolutionary strides, artists in their studios have not been unaware of scientists in their laboratories. But this has rarely been a o
36、ne-way street. Painters and sculptors, though admittedly influenced by modern science, have also molded and changed our world. If break-up has been a vital part of their expression, it has not always been a symbol of destruction. Quite the contrary: it has been used to examine more fully, to penetra
37、te more deeply, to analyze more thoroughly, to enlarge, isolate and make more familiar certain aspects of life that earlier we were apt to neglect. In addition, it sometimes provides rich multiple experiences so organized as not merely to reflect our world, but in fact to interpret it. （分数：1.00）(1).
38、We learn from the text that artistic creations（分数：0.20）A.can be seen as the reflection of the material world.B.seem to be incapable of escaping material advances.C.are said to have made great strides scientifically.D.appear to be the reproductions of modern technology.(2). The inventions of new mate
39、rials and welding techniques（分数：0.20）A.are responsible for most of the changes in sculpture arts.B.enable sculptors to superimpose multiple sides of their designs.C.permit details of an object to be magnified and seen clearly.D.provoke artists to make themselves adaptable to the surroundings.(3).The
40、 author concludes that（分数：0.20）A.contemporary art has been nourished by modern science.B.the impacts of modern art and science are actually mutual.C.destruction or break-up have been typical of modern art.D.the arts analysis of our world seems deeper than sciences.(4). The author argues that Freuds
41、studies（分数：0.20）A.are less comprehensible than most scientific inventions.B.are more controversial than any other scientific findings.C.have imposed much interference upon contemporary arts.D.have found their expression in the Surrealisms claims.(5).The Surrealists made every endeavor（分数：0.20）A.to t
42、ransform real existence into incoherent dreams.B.to diminish all time barriers and moral judgments.C.to express their disconnected subconscious thoughts.D.to substitute direct expressions for fragmented images.Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is hum
43、ankinds long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating, But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good. The lesson from dams is that big is not always bea
44、utiful. It doesnt help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypts leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkeys bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam. But big dams te
45、nd not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods leftall in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity. And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persi
46、sts. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now
47、 needs a dam to prove itself. Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful,
48、but they are far from guaranteed. Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the costs and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myt
49、hs, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You dont need a dam to be saved. （分数：1.00）(1). The third sentence of paragraph 1 implies that _.（分数：0.25）A.people would be happy if they shut their eyes to realityB.the blind could be happier than the sightedC.over-excited people tend to neglect vital thingsD.fascination makes people tend to neglect vi
