1、考研英语 272 及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)The appeal of the world of work is first its freedom. The child is compelled to go to school; he is under the 1 of authority. Even what he 2 to school may be decided for him. As he grows up,he sees 3 it is to be free 4 school and to
2、 be able to choose his job and change it if he doesnt like it,to have money in his pocket and 5 to come and go as he wishes in the world. The boys and girls, a year or two older than he is, whom he has long observed, revisit school utterly 6 and apparently mature. Suddenly masters and mistresses see
3、m 7 out of date as his parents and the authority of school a 8 thing. At the moment the adult world may appear so much more real than the school world 9 the hunger to enter it cannot be appeased by exercises in school books, or talk of 10 examinations necessary for entry into professions or the more
4、 attractive occupations. This may not be the wisest 11 but it is a necessary part of growing up, for everyone must come sooner or later to the 12 of saying“ Really, Ive had enough of being taught; I must do a proper job. “Some youths, maturing rapidly because of outside influences,come to this decis
5、ion 13 than they ought. Yet in a way this is not a bad frame of mind to be in 14 leaving school. At work, the young man makes one of the first great acceptances of life-he accepts the 15 of the material or the process he is working with. The job must be done in accord with some rigid process he cann
6、ot 16 . He sees the point of it and in doing so comes to 17 with life. Nothing done in school 18 its will in quite the same way;if it is wet games can be cancelled;if the math master is ill one can 19 with something else. But even the boy delivering papers, like the driver taking out his bus, discov
7、ers that one cannot 20 because there is snow on the ground, or the foreman is irritable, or he himself is in a bad mood that morning.（分数：1.00）(1).The appeal of the world of work is first its freedom. The child is compelled to go to school; he is under the 1 of authority. Even what he 2 to school may
8、 be decided for him. As he grows up,he sees 3 it is to be free 4 school and to be able to choose his job and change it if he doesnt like it,to have money in his pocket and 5 to come and go as he wishes in the world. The boys and girls, a year or two older than he is, whom he has long observed, revis
9、it school utterly 6 and apparently mature. Suddenly masters and mistresses seem 7 out of date as his parents and the authority of school a 8 thing. At the moment the adult world may appear so much more real than the school world 9 the hunger to enter it cannot be appeased by exercises in school book
10、s, or talk of 10 examinations necessary for entry into professions or the more attractive occupations. This may not be the wisest 11 but it is a necessary part of growing up, for everyone must come sooner or later to the 12 of saying“ Really, Ive had enough of being taught; I must do a proper job. “
11、Some youths, maturing rapidly because of outside influences,come to this decision 13 than they ought. Yet in a way this is not a bad frame of mind to be in 14 leaving school. At work, the young man makes one of the first great acceptances of life-he accepts the 15 of the material or the process he i
12、s working with. The job must be done in accord with some rigid process he cannot 16 . He sees the point of it and in doing so comes to 17 with life. Nothing done in school 18 its will in quite the same way;if it is wet games can be cancelled;if the math master is ill one can 19 with something else.
13、But even the boy delivering papers, like the driver taking out his bus, discovers that one cannot 20 because there is snow on the ground, or the foreman is irritable, or he himself is in a bad mood that morning.（分数：0.05）A.thumbB.fingerC.palmD.handA.carriesB.bearsC.wearsD.bringsA.freedomB.desireC.imp
14、ulseD.curiosityA.transferredB.transformedC.relaxedD.relievedA.muchB.suchC.soD.asA.ambiguousB.ambitiousC.ridiculousD.conspicuousA.thatB.whichC.whenD.whereA.testifyingB.qualifyingC.justifyingD.rectifyingA.latitudesB.altitudesC.magnitudesD.attitudesA.vergeB.phaseC.pointD.senseA.betterB.soonerC.fasterD.
15、laterA.byB.atC.forD.onA.whyB.whatC.howD.whetherA.disciplineB.restraintC.principleD.regulationA.reviseB.offendC.alterD.shiftA.dealsB.termsC.touchesD.arraysA.plungeB.impactC.imposeD.reinforceA.go overB.get onC.cut inD.come upA.put it offB.get it overC.pull it upD.make it outA.toB.forC.inD.of二、Section
16、Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)1.Write an essay of 160 - 200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should first describe the drawing, then interpret its meaning, and give your comment on it. You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) Write an essay of 160 - 200 words based on t
17、he following drawing. In your essay, you should first describe the drawing, then interpret its meaning, and give your comment on it. You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)* （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early Ame
18、ricabreakthroughs such as the telegraph ,the steamboat and the weaving machine? Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the countrys excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology ;the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American geniu
19、s for nonverbal,“ spatial“ thinking about things technological. Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanic, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trig
20、onometry. Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported,“ With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline ,the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman.“ A fur
21、ther stimulus to invention came from the “premium“ system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach, originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash prizes and other incentives. In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at c
22、ountry fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance. Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that specia
23、l kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, “A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process. The designer and the inventor. are able
24、to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist.“ This nonverbal “spatial“ thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote,“ The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alp
25、habet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.“ When all these shaping forcesschools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinkinginteracted with one another on the rich U. S. mainland, they produced that American chara
26、cteristic, emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence. （分数：1.00）(1).According to the author, the great outburst of major inventions in early America was in a large part due to_.（分数：0.25）A.elementary sch
27、oolsB.enthusiastic workersC.the attractive premium systemD.a special way of thinking(2).It is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of the early American mechanics_.（分数：0.25）A.benefited a lot from their mathematical knowledgeB.shed light on disciplined school managementC.was brought about by p
28、rivileged home trainingD.owed a lot to the technological development(3).A technologist can be compared to an artist because_.（分数：0.25）A.they are both winners of awardsB.they are both experts in spatial thinkingC.they both abandon verbal descriptionD.they both use various instruments(4).The best titl
29、e for this passage might be_.（分数：0.25）A.Inventive MindB.Effective SchoolingC.Ways of ThinkingD.Outpouring of InventionsTo paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, “all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.“ One such cause now seeks to end biomedic
30、al research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement
31、 target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal. For example, a grandmotherly woman staffi
32、ng an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animalsno meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured t
33、hat they do, she replied,“ Then I would have to say yes. “Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, “Don t worry, scientists will find some way of using computers. “Such well-meaning people just don t understand. Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionat
34、e, understandable way-in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother s hip replacement, a father s bypass operation, a baby s vaccinations, and even a pet s shots. To those who are unaware that animal research
35、was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst. Much can be done. Scientists could“ adopt“ middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest a
36、nimal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit
37、 to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry, will extinguish the precious embe
38、rs of medical progress. （分数：1.00）(1).The author begins his article with Edmund Burkes words to（分数：0.20）A.call on scientists to take some actions.B.criticize the misguided cause of animal rights.C.warn of the doom of biomedical research.D.show the triumph of the animal rights movement.(2).Misled peop
39、le tend to think that using an animal in research is（分数：0.20）A.cruel but natural.B.inhuman and unacceptable.C.inevitable but vicious.D.pointless and wasteful.(3). The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public s（分数：0.20）A.discontent with animal research.B.ignorance about medical s
40、cience.C.indifference to epidemics.D.anxiety about animal rights.(4).The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should（分数：0.20）A.communicate more with the publicB.employ hi-tech means in research.C.feel no shame for their cause.D.strive to develop new
41、 cures.(5).a well-known humanist.（分数：0.20）A.a medical practitioner.B.an enthusiast in animal rights.C.a supporter of animal research.Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supp
42、osedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didnt they fall o
43、ut of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets. How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? New
44、ton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you dont have unpredictable things, you dont have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut a
45、nd dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it. In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific method“ a substitute for imaginative thought. Ive attended research conferences where a sci
46、entist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said“ the data are still inconclusive.“ “We know that,“ the men from the budget office have said, “but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? Wh
47、at do you think we might expect?“ The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate. What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, bu
48、t has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars a
49、nd cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers woul
