1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 164 及答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 0 【F1】As the price of a college degree continues to rise, theres growing evidence that the monetary payoff isnt quite as big as often advertised. The best e
2、stimate now is that a college degree is worth about $300,000 in todays dollarsnowhere near the $1 million figure that is often quoted.“That $1 million number has driven me crazy!“ says Sandy Baum, a Skidmore economist who studied the value of a college degree for the College Board last year.【F2】Baum
3、s research showed that college graduates earn, on average, about $20,000 a year more than those who finished their educations at high school. Add that up over a 40-year working life and the total differential is about $800,000, she figures. But since much of that bonus is earned many years from now,
4、 subtracting out the impact of inflation means that $800,000 in future dollars is worth only about $450,000 in todays dollars.Then, if you subtract out the cost of a college degreeabout $30,000 in tuition and books for students who get no aid and attend public in-state universitiesand the money a st
5、udent could have earned at a job instead of attending school, the real net value in todays dollars is somewhere in the $300,000 range, a number confirmed by other studies. But, especially these days, that still makes a college degree one of the most lucrative investments a person can make, Baum note
6、s.Better yet, college graduates can go on to earn advanced degrees, which return even bigger payoffs. The average holder of a bachelors degree earns about $51,000 a year, Baum calculates. But those whove gone on to earn MBAs, law degrees, or other professional degrees earn about $100,000 a year.In a
7、ddition, Baum found that there are plenty of other rewards for a degree. The quality of the jobs college graduates get is far better, for example. College graduates are more likely to get jobs with health insurance. And it is easier for them to find and hold jobs.【 F3】The unemployment rate for colle
8、ge graduates was just 2. 2 percent last year, half the unemployment level of those with only high school diplomas.There are lots of other nonmonetary benefits as well.【F4 】College graduates are healthier, contribute more to their communities, and raise kids who are better prepared academically, stud
9、ies show.【F5】Other researchers have found that the payoff of a degree is especially attractive for students from low-income families, since the education and credential give them a chance to break out of low-paying careers.1 【F1】2 【F2】3 【F3】4 【F4】5 【F5】5 Measuring the performance of people, especial
10、ly managers and senior executives, presents a perennial conundrum. Without quantifiable goals, its difficult to measure progress objectively.【F1 】At the same time, companies that rely too much on financial or other “hard“ performance targets risk putting short-term success ahead of long-term healthf
11、or example, by tolerating flawed “stars“ who drive top performance but intimidate others, ignore staff development, or fail to collaborate with colleagues. The fact is that when people dont have real targets and incentives to focus on the long term, they dont; over time, performance declines because
12、 not enough people have the attention, or the capabilities, to sustain and renew it.Yet measuring, let alone strengthening, the capabilities that help companies thrive over the long haul is difficult.【F2】These “soft“ measures of organizational healthfor example, leadership, innovation, quality of ex
13、ecution, employee motivation, or a companys degree of external orientationare tricky to convert into annual performance metrics. Moreover, an organizations health may not change much in a single year, and an employees contribution often comes down to judgments and trade-offs. What risks to take and
14、avoid? Which people to develop, and how? Getting a handle on the employees personal contribution typically requires in-depth conversations and a more thorough 360-degree style of evaluation than most employees(including senior managers)generally receive. Because of all this, few companies manage peo
15、ple in ways that effectively assess their contributions to corporate health or reward them for improving it.When companies do try, they often end up using metrics that are discretionary, weighted less heavily than traditional measures of performance, or applied inconsistently.【F3】One mistake is to b
16、ecome confused about issues that appear related to organizational health but in practice lie at the heart of an individuals operational, day-to-day job. Its fine, for example, to judge a senior product managers contribution to a companys external orientation by tracking the number and quality of the
17、 new external contacts he or she develops over a year. But it makes little sense to apply the same health test to a media relations specialist for whom meeting new people is an essential part of the role. Managers and others quickly recognize flaws such as these and respond accordingly.【F4】At a glob
18、al consumer goods company, for example, the head of HR admitted that managers view the organizations health-related targets as a lever to “top up“ their incentive packages. That was hardly the effect the company intended, and a perception thats proving difficult to change.Against this backdrop, we b
19、elieve its useful for CEOs and their senior teams to step back and collectively examine howand in some cases whethertheir people-management systems give sufficient priority to the long-term health of their organizations.【F5 】Once companies develop the right handful of health metrics, define the beha
20、vior that supports them, and implement assessments of the willingness of employees to practice that behavior, the final step is ensuring that their compensation reflects contributions to health.6 【F1】7 【F2】8 【F3】9 【F4】10 【F5】10 In the last few weeks, a handful of top business schools have reported s
21、ingle-digit, and in some cases double-digit, declines in applications for their full-time MBA classes, including most recently Columbia Business School and New York Universitys Stern School of Business. It turns out theyre not alone. Full-time MBA applications have sunk at least a dozen of the top 3
22、0 B-schools, according to class profile data of 17 business schools obtained this week by Bloomberg Businessweek.Among the schools that have reported declines are the University of Chicagos Booth School of Business, the Yale School of Management and Duke Universitys Fuqua School of Business(down 3.5
23、 percent, 9.5 percent, and 7 percent, respectively).【F1 】A handful of schools reported even steeper drops, including Michigan State Universitys Broad College of Business, where applications fell 18 percent, and Indiana Universitys Kelley School of Business, with a significant dip of nearly 21 percen
24、t.【F2】Timothy Smith, the senior associate director of admissions and financial aid at the Kelley School, attributes the decline in applications to increased competition from rival business schools and a overabundance of available choices, including part-time and online programs. Second-tier schools
25、are working more aggressively to recruit top MBA candidates and entice them with hefty financial aid packages, he says. Kelley has 177 students in its incoming MBA class this year, down from 213 the year before.“The pool has been fragmented most aggressively this year with part-time, online, and oth
26、er options,“ Smith says. “There is no doubt about it, the number of students hasnt increased, and there are more players at the table.【F3】At the same time,(employer)sponsorship for full-time MBA programs is almost nonexistent, and doing an MBA part-time or online can be an attractive offer for some
27、students, especially when there is funding available. “With a smaller pool of MBA applicants, getting an offer to a top business school has become slightly easier.【F4】Of the 13 schools on which selectivity data was available, 10 admitted a larger percentage of applicants this year. Most didnt see dr
28、amatic shifts but, rather, saw selectivity drop by 2 or 3 percentage points. For example, Dartmouth Colleges Tuck School of Business, the University of Minnesotas Carlson School of Management, and Brigham Young Universitys Marriott School of Management all had dips in selectivity of 2 percentage poi
29、nts.【F5】To meet their target enrollment for this years incoming MBA class, schools had to work harder to ensure admitted students accepted their offers. For many of those schools, that extra push paid off. Yield was up at nine of the 13 schools on which information was available. For instance, the y
30、ield at Southern Methodist Universitys Cox School of Business increased 6 percentage points over last year; as a result, the size of the schools incoming class125 students was about the same as last year, even though the school admitted 31 fewer students in 2012.11 【F1】12 【F2】13 【F3】14 【F4】15 【F5】15
31、 In the summer, when the sun played on the juniper bushes, and in the fall, when the air was clear enough to see to the white lighthouse on Wood Island, and in the winter, when the sea battered the granite rocks, Winslow Homer thrived at Prouts Neck, a cape off the Southern coast of Maine.【F1 】At Pr
32、outs, as the locals call it, he had long days to walk the cliffs and study the mystery that would become his subject: the grand roiling Atlantic as it threw itself against the rocky coast.For the last hundred years or so, the only way visitors could see those cliffs was to stay at the Black Point In
33、n, the sole hotel on this two-and-a-half mile-promontory.【F2】But soon the public will be able not just to observe the ocean as Homer did, but also to visit the two-story clapboard studio where the artist lived and painted what many consider to be his most majestic works.This is thanks to the fact th
34、at the Portland Museum of Art bought the house six years ago when Homers great-grand-nephew decided to sell it.【F3】After Homers death in 1910 the house was passed down through a series of relatives and ultimately to this nephew, Charles Homer Wil-lauer, who rented it to others for many summers. Then
35、 in 2006 Mr. Willauer decided to sell the three-room structure to the museum for $1.9 million. The museum invested $2.8 million renovating the structure, work that included stabilizing the foundation, restoring the exterior to its original colors of dark green with red trim and rehanging the second-
36、story porch.It is a simple place, set with a view out to the sea. From its garden one can look across to Bluff and Stratton islands in Saco Bay. Looking through the trees to the right, visitors can glimpse the home next door, which once belonged to Homers father, Charles Sr. , and is now owned by an
37、other family.The Homer clan was instrumental in developing this tiny community of 108 homes, and several Homer family descendants still have houses here. After Winslows younger brother, Arthur, came for his honeymoon in 1875, he decided to set down roots and build a home.【F4】With its tranquil beache
38、s to the north and the sea to the south, the setting soon caught the imagination of Charles Sr. , who bought a property large enough for his extended family, naming his seaside home “The Ark. “ Just down the road from the studio, visitors can see St. James, the Episcopal church, built in part thanks
39、 to the efforts of Charles Sr. , who helped finance it.In 1883 Winslow Homer, by then an established artist, decided to leave his residence in Manhattan and make Prouts Neck his base.【F5】He chose the familys carriage house to live in, but to maximize his privacy he moved it about 100 feet down the r
40、oad and worked with the well-known architect John Calvin Stevens to turn it into a home and studio.16 【F1】17 【F2】18 【F3】19 【F4】20 【F5】20 Calories are among the most often counted things in the universe.【F1 】Estimates of the number of calories in different kinds of foods measure the average number of
41、 calories we could get from those foods based only on the proportions of fat, carbohydrates, protein and sometimes fiber they contain. A variety of standard systems exist, all of which derive from the original developed by Wilbur Atwater more than a hundred years ago. They are all systems of average
42、s. No food is average.Differences exist even within a given kind of food. Take, for example, cooked vegetables. Cell walls in some plants are tougher to break down than those in others; nature, of course, varies in everything. If the plant material we eat has more of its cell walls broken down we ge
43、t more of the calories from the goodies inside.【F2 】In some plants, cooking breaks down most cell walls; in others, such as cassava(木薯), cell walls hold strong and hoard their precious calories in such a way that many of them pass through our bodies intact. Why are foods yielding fewer calories than
44、 they “should“? Tough cell walls? Maybe. But there are other options too.For one, our bodies seem to expend different quantities of energy to deal with different kinds of food; some foods require us to do more work than others. Proteins can require ten to twenty times as much heat-energy to digest a
45、s fats, but the loss of calories as heat energy is not accounted for at all on packaging.For another, foods differ in how and where they are digested in our guts. Some foods such as honey are so readily used that our digestive system is really not even put to good use. They are absorbed in our small
46、 intestines; game mostly over.【F3 】More complex foods, on the other hand, such as cassava or almonds(杏仁), have to travel to the colon(结肠)where they meet up with the largest concentrations of our little friends, the microbes(微生物 ). Digestion continues with the help of our trillions of microbes but nu
47、trients are shared between us and them.【F4】The microbes help to break down many compounds our own bodies cannot and in doing so go on to produce a mix of more microbes, gases(such as methane)and then fatty acids.The accounting associated with this process of sharing with the microbes is not consider
48、ed in calorie counting. Finally, some foods require our immune system to get involved during digestion in order to deal with potential pathogens. No one has evaluated very seriously just how many calories this might involve, but it might be quite a few. A somewhat raw piece of meat can have lots of
49、interesting species for our immune systems to deal with.【F5】Even if our immune system does not attack any of the species in our food it uses energy to take the first step of distinguishing good from bad.21 【F1】22 【F2】23 【F3】24 【F4】25 【F5】25 How the United States became the most prosperous society in the world has always been such a hotspot issue. Certain long-standing cliches surround the story of Americas “economic takeoff“ in the two decades before 1960. One centers on the role of World War II and the federal governments massiv
