1、考研英语阅读理解 A 节(传统题型)分类精讲文化教育类-(一)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Reading Co(总题数：5，分数：100.00)What is postmodernism? Firstly, postmodernism was a movement in architecture that rejected the modernist, avant-garde, passion for the new.Few terms have been subject to such intense debates as “postmodern
2、ism“. Though its indiscriminate use has all but exhausted the word of any kind of precise meaning, one can distinguish three major usages: (i) to refer to the non-realist and non-traditional literature and art of the post-World War II period; (ii) to refer to literature and art which takes certain m
3、odernist characteristics to all extreme stage, a view propounded in John Barths The Literature of Exhaustion; and (iii) to refer to a more general human condition in the “late-capitalist“ world of the post 1950s, a period marked by the end of what Jean-Francois Lyotard calls the grand “meta-narrativ
4、es“ of western culture. The myths by which we once legitimized knowledge and practiceChristianity, science, Democracy, Communism, progress, no longer have the unquestioning support necessary to sustain the projects which were undertaken in their name, resulting in a radical decentring of our cultura
5、l sphere. It is not simply that the postmodernism does not believe in “truth“ so much that it understands truth and meaning as historically constructed and thus seeks to expose the mechanisms by which this production is hidden and “naturalized“.Among the modernist devices which postmodernism pushes
6、to a new extreme are: the rejection of mimetic representation in favor of a self-referential “playing“ with the forms, conventions and icons of “high art“ and literature; the rejection of the cult of originality in recognition of the inevitable loss of origin in the age of mass production; the rejec
7、tion of plot and character as meaningful artistic conventions; and the rejection of meaning itself as misleading.However, where modernism thought of itself as a last ditch attempt to shore up, like Eliots Fisher King, the ruins of western culture, postmodernists often joyfully accept its demise and
8、plunder its remains for their artistic materials. Andy Warhols multiple images of Marilyn Monroe and Kathy Ackers (rewriting) of Cervantes Don Quixote are representatives of the postmodernist trend toward to bricolage, the use of the bits and pieces of older artifacts to produce a new, if not “origi
9、nal“, work of art, a work which blurs the traditional distinctions between the old and the new even as it blurs those between high and low art.（分数：20.00）(1).In the opening paragraph, the author introduces the topic byA. citing a proverb. B. justifying an assumption.C. making a contrast. D. making a
10、definition.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(2).We learn from paragraph 2 that “postmodernism“A. is still not defined.B. can be classified into three usages.C. rejects arts and works of modernism.D. believes in truth but views it as a thing of the past.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to the text, which of the follow
11、ing devices is rejected by postmodernism?A. Mimetic representation. B. Mass production.C. High art. D. Artistic conventions.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The author uses the example of Andy Warhols work to showA. the difference between modernism and postmodernism.B. how famous his work is.C. the characterist
12、ics of postmodernism.D. the difference between high art and low art.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(5).What is the authors attitude toward “postmodernism“?A. Critical. B. Favorable.C. Objective. D. Ironical（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.Lets not mince words: college can be tough. According to a 2007 study by the American Colle
13、ge Health Association, 43 percent of students reported having felt “so depressed it was difficult to function“ at least once in the prior year. Other studies, based on student surveys, suggest that one in five undergraduates reported having an eating disorder, one in six had deliberately cut or burn
14、ed themselves and one in ten had considered suicide.Given those numbers, its deeply troubling that in 2007 just 8.5 percent of students used their colleges counseling services. In other words, students were more likely to consider killing themselves than to seek help. Students feel more afraid to di
15、scuss mental-health problems. They think theyll be labeled as the crazy kid wholl shoot up the school.Counselors say that while they do keep an eye out for students who might pose a risk to others, the overwhelming majority of their patients are no threat to anyone but themselves. Counseling service
16、s must look for new ways to reach out to troubled students and let them know that seeking treatment is a strong, smart thing. At Harvard, students can win iPods for attending mental-health screening sessions and are invited to “pajama party“ panels, where flannel-clad counselors dispense milk and co
17、okies along with advice about the importance of sleep. “Theres still a high level of stigma,“ says Richard Kadison, head of Harvards mental-health services. “Were trying to find creative ways of getting the message out.“Many campuses also offer online services allowing students to complete informal
18、diagnostic quizzes away from the prying eyes of their peers. The results are confidential, but can help nudge students toward counseling services. Besides, many colleges encourage parents to pitch in, whether by watching out for warning signs or by coaxing their kids to seek help. Philadelphia Unive
19、rsity now issues students relatives with a calendar highlighting the toughest times of the year for freshmen, while the University of Minnesota offers online workshops, where parents can learn about conditions such as anxiety and Aspergers syndrome.Still, students and counselors agree that the most
20、effective outreach programs are those led by students themselves. “Its different when you hear something from another student,“ says Semmie Kim, a neuroscience major who founded MITs chapter of Active Minds in 2007. Shes held events like a bubble-wrap stomp to help students vent pre-exam stress, but
21、 says her groups most important role is to provide troubled peers with a sympathetic ear. “We want to make students realize theyre not alone,“ she says. “College will always be tough, but theres no need to suffer in silence./（分数：20.00）(1).The statement “College can be tough“ (Para. 1) is used to int
22、roduceA. the severity of mental illnesses at college.B. the fierce competition of earning scholarships.C. the feeble relations between teachers and students.D. the anxiety of coping with all kinds of examinations.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to Para. 2, few troubled students turn to counselors for
23、 help because theyA. will be asked to leave school.B. will receive many screening tests.C. are afraid to be laughed at by peers.D. will pay more for counseling services.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Which of the following is still bothering the counselors?A. Whether they should tell the truth to their patien
24、ts directly.B. How much time they will spend on each screening session.C. What treatment should be included in their counseling service.D. How counseling services will be acceptable and available to troubled students.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(4).It can be inferred from Para. 4 thatA. all universities in Ame
25、rica have offered online counseling services.B. parents play a vital role in solving students mental-health problems.C. University of Minnesota took the initiative to give lectures on mental health.D. Philadelphia University used a calendar as the reminder of diagnostic quizzes.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(5).
26、Semmie Kim believes that the most effective mental health service at college isA. the comfort and help from peers.B. the love and warmth from teachers.C. the advice from online workshops.D. the treatment from neuroscience experts.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.You go looking for a book to buy as a present for a c
27、hild, and you will be spoiled for choice, even in a year such as this, when there is no new Harry Potter by Ms. J. K. Rowling. And her wizard is not alone: the past decade has been a productive one for good childrens books, which has set off an enormous number of films and in turn led to increased s
28、ales of classics such as The Lord of the Rings and so forth.Yet despite the abundance in excellent books, reading is increasingly unpopular among children in Britain. According to the National Foundation for Educational Research, in 1997, 23% said they didnt like reading at all. In 2003, 35% did. An
29、d around 6% of children leave primary school each year unable to read properly.Maybe the declining popularity of reading is the fault of the increasing availability of computer games. Maybe the books boom has affected only the top of the educational pile. Either way, Gordon Brown, the chancellor, pl
30、ans to change things for the bottom of the class. In his pre-budget report, he announced the national implementation of Reading Recovery, a scheme to help the children who are struggling most.Reading Recovery is aimed at six-year-olds, who receive four months of individual daily half-hour sessions w
31、ith a specially trained teacher. An evaluation published earlier this year reported that children on the scheme made 20 months progress in just one year, whereas similarly weak readers who received no special help made just five months, progress, and so ended the year even further below the level ex
32、pected for their age.At more than 2, 000 per pupil, Reading Recovery is not cheap. But it may be a sound investment. The KPMG Foundation, a charity that has been paying for Reading Recovery in some schools, reckons that each child who leaves primary school unable to read will go on to cost the taxpa
33、yer at least 50, 000 in specialist teaching in secondary schools, dealing with truancy, paying benefits to adults who are more likely to be sick and jobless, and the consequences of increased crime.International research tends to find that by the time British children leave primary school they are r
34、eading well by international standards, but read less often for fun than that elsewhere. The inspectors said that when they asked why it is good to be able to read, children were more likely to say that it would help them to do well in tests or get a good job than that reading was enjoyable.This mat
35、ters not only because children who are keen on reading can look forward to lifelong pleasure, but because loving books is an excellent predictor of future educational success. According to the OECD, being a regular and enthusiastic reader is more of an advantage than having well-educated parents in
36、good jobs.（分数：20.00）(1).What does the author mean by “you will be spoiled for choice“ in Paragraph 1?A. The parent will be disappointed with the limited choices.B. There are too many excellent books to choose from.C. The parent will be confused with the books.D. The parent is afraid the books will s
37、poil children.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the author, one reason for declining popularity of reading may beA. books are no longer interesting as in the past.B. they have too many books to read.C. computer games take up all their spare time.D. the books boom has not influenced all children.（分数：
38、4.00）A.B.C.D.(3).We can infer from the passage that Reading RecoveryA. is initiated to help the top education pile.B. may save taxpayers money in the long run.C. includes all primary school students.D. improved weak readers progress by 400%.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(4).In Paragraph 5, the author mainly disc
39、ussesA. the payoffs of the Reading Recovery.B. the profitability of the investment in Reading Recovery.C. the consequences of childrens reading problem.D. the social and financial cost of Reading Recovery.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following statements is true of the text?A. In 2003, 35% chil
40、dren surveyed liked reading.B. British primary school graduates read less well than those elsewhere.C. British children read less for fun than for practical reasons.D. Parents education and career are not an advantage to children.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.The latest bad news is that reading and writing score
41、s on the SAT have once again declined. The language competence of high schoolers fell steeply in the 1970s and has never recovered. This is very worrisome, because the best single measure of the overall quality of our primaries and secondary schools is the average verbal score of 17-year-olds. This
42、score correlates with the ability to learn new things readily, to communicate with others and to hold down a job. It also predicts future income.The most credible analyses have shown that the chief causes are vast curricular changes, especially in the critical early grades. In the decades before the
43、 Great Verbal Decline, a content-rich elementary school experience evolved into a content-light, skills-based, test-centered approach. Cognitive psychologists agree that early childhood language learning (ages 2 to 10) is critical to later verbal competence, not just because of the remarkable lingui
44、stic plasticity of young minds, but also because of the so-called Matthew Effect.The name comes from a passage in the Scriptures: “For unto every one that hath shall be given, and he shall have abundance: but from him that hath not shall be taken away even that which he hath.“ Those who are language
45、-poor in early childhood get relatively poorer, and fall further behind, while the verbally rich get richer.The origin of this cruel truth lies in the nature of word learning. The more words you already know, the faster you acquire new words. This sounds like an invitation to vocabulary study for to
46、ts, but thats been tried and its not effective. Most of the word meanings we know are acquired indirectly, by intuitively guessing new meanings as we understand the overall gist of what we are hearing or reading. The Matthew Effect in language can be restated this way: “To those who understand the g
47、ist shall be given new word meanings, but to those who do not there shall ensue boredom and frustration.“Clearly the key is to make sure that from kindergarten on, every student, from the start, understands the gist of what is heard or read. If preschoolers and kindergartners are offered substantial
48、 and coherent lessons concerning the human and natural worlds, then the results show up five years or so later in significantly improved verbal scores. By staying on a subject long enough to make all young children familiar with it, the gist becomes understood by all and word learning speeds up. Thi
49、s is especially important for low-income children, who come to school with smaller vocabularies and rely on school to impart the knowledge base affluent children take for granted.Current reform strategies focus on testing, improving teacher quality and other changes. Attention to these structural issues has led to improvements in the best public schools. But it is not enough.（分数：20.00）(1).The drop in verbal scores on the SAT is worrisome becauseA. students reading and writing ability affects their future development.B. it shows the schools, inability to m
