1、考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷 86 及答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.（分数：10.00）_Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early hi
2、story of the United States by applying new social research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his reinterpretation, migration becomes the organizing principle for rewriting the history of preindustrial North America. His approach rests on four separate propositions. 【F1】 The first
3、of these asserts that residents of early modern England moved regularly about their countryside; migrating to the New World was simply a natural spillover. 【F2】 Although at first the colonies held little positive attraction for the Englishthey would rather have stayed homeby the eighteenth century p
4、eople increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly, Bailyn holds that, contrary to the notion that used to flourish in America history textbooks, there was never a typical New World community. For example, the economic and demographic character of ea
5、rly New England towns varied considerably. Bailyns third proposition suggest two general patterns prevailing among the many thousands of migrants: one group came as indentured servants, another came to acquire land. Surprisingly, Bailyn suggests that those who recruited indentured servants were the
6、driving forces of transatlantic migration.【F3】 These colonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who came to preindustrial North America. At first, thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited; by the 1730s, however, American employers demanded skilled artisans. Finally,
7、 Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of the European culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the empire into English core and colonial periphery, as Bailyn does, devalues the achievements
8、of colonial culture. It is true, as Bailyn claims, that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England. But what of seventeenth-century New England, where the settlers created effective laws, built a distinguished university, and published books? Bailyn might respond that New England was
9、 exceptional. However, the ideas and institutions developed by New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture. Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated just prior to the revolution, he fails to link their experience with
10、 the political development of the United States. Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. These indentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time to American employers.【F4】 It is not surprising that as soon as they ser
11、ved their time they passed up good wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. 【F5】 Thus, it is in the west that a peculiarly American political culture began, among colonists who were suspicious of authority and intensely anti-aristocratic.（分数：10.00）
12、(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_【F1】 Proponents of different jazz styles have always argued that their predecessors musical style did not include essential characteristics that define jazz as jazz. Thus, 1940s swing was belittled by beboppers
13、 of the 1950 s who were themselves attacked by free jazzes of the 1960 s. The neoboppers of the 1980s and 1990 s attacked almost everybody else. The titanic figure of Black saxophonist John Coltrane has complicated the arguments made by proponents of styles from bebop through neobop because in his o
14、wn musical journey he drew from all those styles. His influence on all types of jazz was immeasurable. At the height of his popularity, Coltrane largely abandoned playing bebop, the style that had brought him fame, to explore the outer reaches of jazz. Coltrane himself probably believed that the onl
15、y essential characteristic of jazz was improvisation, the one constant in his journey from bebop to open-ended improvisations on modal, Indian, and African melodies.【F2】 On the other hand, this dogged student and prodigious technician who insisted on spending hours each day practicing scales from th
16、eory bookswas never able to jettison completely the influence of bebop, with its fast and elaborate chains of notes and ornaments on melody. Two stylistic characteristics shaped the way Coltrane played the tenor saxophone: he favored playing fast runs of notes built on a melody and depended on heavy
17、, regularly accented beats.【F3】 The first led Coltrane to sheets of sound where he raced faster and faster, pile-driving notes into each other to suggest stacked harmonies; the second meant that his sense of rhythm was almost as close to rock as to bebop. Three recordings illustrate Coltranes energi
18、zing explorations. Recording Kind of Blue with Miles Davis, Coltrane found himself outside bop, exploring modal melodies. Here he played surging, lengthy solos built largely around repeated motifsan organizing principle unlike that of free jazz saxophone player Ornette Coleman, who modulated or alte
19、red melodies in his solos. On Giant Steps, Coltrane debuted as leader, introducing his own compositions.【F4】 Here the sheets of sound, downbeat accents, repetitions, and great speed are part of each solo, and the variety of the shapes of his phrases is unique. Coltranes searching explorations produc
20、ed solid achievement. My Favorite Things was another kind of watershed. Here Coltrane played the soprano saxophone, an instrument seldom used by jazz musicians. Musically, the results were astounding.【F5】 With the sopranos piping sound, ideas that had sounded dark and brooding acquired a feeling of
21、giddy fantasy.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_【F1】 Roger Rosenblatts book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous stu
22、dies. As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history. Addison Gayle s recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propou
23、nds. 【F2】 Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenblatts literary analysis di
24、scloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored. Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than
25、the facial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors? Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, c
26、oherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Black over the last eighty years, he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology.【F3】 These structures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exis
27、t in a predominantly white culture, whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it. Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatts thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of th
28、e various worksyet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic
29、?【F4】 In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomers Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of exp
30、ression? In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study.【F5】 Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnsons Autobiography
31、of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_The inclusion of all children and youth is part of a genera
32、l integrative trend that has accelerated since World War II. It relates to some newer developments as well. Concern for the earths endangered environment has become central, emphasizing in both intellectual and social life the need for cooperation rather than competition, the importance of understan
33、ding interrelationships of the ecosystem, and the idea that ecology can be used as an organizing concept. In a different vein, the rapid development of microelectronics, particularly the use of computers for multiple functions in education, goes for beyond possibilities of earlier technological adva
34、nces.【F1】 Although technology is thought of by some as antagonistic to humanistic concerns, others argue that it makes communication and comprehension available to a wider population and encourages “system thinking“, both ultimately integrative effects. The polarization of opinion on technologys eff
35、ects and most other important issues is a problem in educational policy determination.【F2】 In addition to the difficulties of governing increasingly large and diverse education systems, as well as those of meeting the never-ending demands of expanding education, the chronic lack of consensus makes t
36、he system unable to respond satisfactorily to public criticism and unable to plan for substantive long-range development. 【F3】 The political and administrative responses so far have been to attend to short-run efficiency by improving management techniques and to adopt polar responses to accommodate
37、polar criticisms. Thus, community and community schools have been emphasized along with central control and standardization, and institutional alternatives have been opened, while the structure of main institutions has become more articulated. For example, the focus of attention has been placed on t
38、he transition stages, which earlier were virtually ignored: from home to school from primary to secondary to upper secondary, from school to work. Tertiary institutions have been reconceived as part of a unified level; testing has become more sophisticated and credentials have become more differenti
39、ated either by certificate or by transcript. Alternative teaching strategies have been encouraged in theory, but basic, curriculum uniformity has effectively restricted the practice of new methods. General education is still mainly abstract, and subject matter, though internally more dynamic, still
40、rests on language, mathematics, and science. There has been an increasing reliance on the construction of subject matter to guide the method of teaching.【F4】 Teachers are entrusted with a greater variety of tasks, but they are less trusted with knowledge, leading political authorities to call for up
41、grading of teacher training, teacher in service training, and regular assessment of teacher performance. 【F5】 Recent reform efforts have been focused on integrating general and vocational education and on encouraging lifelong or recurrent education to meet changing individual and social needs. Thus,
42、 not only has the number of students and institutions increased, as a result of inclusion policies, but the scope of education has also expanded. This tremendous growth, however, has raised new questions about the proper functions of the school and the effectiveness for life, work, or intellectual a
43、dvancement of present programs and means of instruction.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷 86 答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_解析：2.Part CDirections: Read the following text c
