1、考研英语（阅读）-试卷 113 及答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.（分数：10.00）_Efforts could potentially avoid at least some of th
2、e psychopathy(mental illness)that underlies school shootings, since medicine now can help even the most severely ill. And they would also benefit the many young people struggling with far less extreme brain disorders. The U.S. Secret Service, which studies “targeted violence“, provides insight on th
3、e urgency of the need in its 2002 “Safe School Initiative“ report: School attacks, instead of being the random impulsive acts of noisy and cruel fellows, are well-planned events mostly carried out by a single studentwho is not evil but mentally ill. Except for being male, the 41 attackers studied fi
4、t no profile of family background, race, ethnicity, or even academic performance. Many were A and B students. Few had a history of violent or criminal behavior. But their thoughts were of violence, and their behavior was often intimidating. They frequently expressed violent themes in their writings,
5、 in one instance portraying killing and suicide as solutions to feelings of despair. The criminals often had telegraphed to other students and teachers their depression or desperation and either talked about or had attempted suicide. Feelings of persecution by others were common and led to growing r
6、esentment and anger. Psychiatrists and psychologists recognize that these are red flags demanding medical intervention. Yet one of the most striking findings in the report was that the vast majority of these students never had a mental-health evaluation. No wonder only 17 percent were diagnosed with
7、 a psychiatric illnessit wasn“t looked for. That alone points to a huge mental health gap: If the distress of these students didn“t trigger medical attention, it“s unlikely that less severe struggles that are seen in as many as 15 to 20 percent of other students will do so. Only recently have we lea
8、rned that these are neurodevelopmental disorders whose early signs might well be picked up in routine pediatric screening. For example, a classic behavior in a child that can precede psychosis later in life is speaking to almost no one, even family, says Nasrallah. Genes are known to confer vulnerab
9、ility, but equally important is the environment. Stress or great disappointment can aggravate symptoms; connecting with an adult in an ongoing relationship can do the opposite. Interventions like social-skills training combined with talk therapy and targeted medication can make a huge difference. Ea
10、rly treatment can lessen the frequency and intensity of psychotic episodes, leaving many patients with only the mildesi of symptoms. And the younger the brain, the more malleable it is. The ultimate goal is to not only modify evolution of disease but keep it from arising in the first place. This is
11、achievable, and the path to get there is becoming clear.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the US Secret Service, school attacks are characterized as（分数：2.00）A.reactive.B.revengeful.C.plotted.D.impulsive.(2).One common characteristic of school attackers is that（分数：2.00）A.they exhibit bad academic performanc
12、es.B.they have violent thoughts and intimidating behavior.C.they regard homicide and suicide as ways of tackling despair.D.they have records of violence and crimes.(3).Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 3?（分数：2.00）A.There is a huge gap between human mentality.B.The school attacker
13、s have never had any mental health evaluation.C.Medical attention should be paid to the distress of school attackers.D.The findings of the report astonished psychiatrists and psychologists.(4).The word “malleable“(Line 5, Paragraph 5)is closest in meaning to（分数：2.00）A.miserable.B.adaptable.C.vulnera
14、ble.D.active.(5).What can we conclude from the last paragraph?（分数：2.00）A.Both genes and environment should be improved to tackle brain disorders.B.Prevention is by far more important than treatment.C.Mental disorders are curable, and the earlier the better.D.Early treatment can reduce the sufferings
15、 and terminate all the symptoms.Human-induced climate change is likely to make many parts of the world uninhabitable, or at least uneconomic. Over the course of a few decades, if not sooner hundreds of millions of people may be compelled to relocate because of environmental pressures. To a significa
16、nt extent, water will be the most important determinant of these population movements. Dramatic alterations in the relation between water and society will be widespread, as emphasized in the new report from Working Group II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. These shifts may include r
17、ising sea levels, stronger tropical cyclones, the loss of soil moisture under higher temperatures, more intense precipitation and flooding, more frequent droughts, the melting of glaciers and the changing seasonality of snowmelt. Impacts will vary widely across the world. It will be important to kee
18、p our eye on at least four zones: low-lying coastal settlements, farm regions dependent on rivers fed by snowmelt and glacier melt, sub humid and arid regions, and humid areas in Southeast Asia vulnerable to changes in monsoon patterns. A significant rise in sea levels, even by a fraction of a meter
19、 could ruin tens or even hundreds of millions of people. One study found that although coastal areas less than 10 meters above sea level constitute only 2 percent of the world“s land, they contain 10 percent of its population. These coastal zones are vulnerable to storm surges and increased intensit
20、y of tropical cyclonescall it the New Orleans Effect. Regions much farther inland will wither. Hundreds of millions of people, including many of the poorest farm households, live in river valleys where irrigation is fed by melting glaciers and snow. The annual snowmelt is coming earlier every year,
21、synchronizing it less and less well with the summer growing season, and the glaciers are disappearing altogether. Thus, the vast numbers of farmers in the Indo-Gangetic Plain will most likely face severe disruptions in water availability. Until now, the climate debate has focused on the basic scienc
22、e and the costs and benefits of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Attention will now increasingly turn to the urgent challenge of adapting to the changes and helping those who are most affected. Some hard-hit places will be rescued by better infrastructure that protects against storm surges or econ
23、omizes on water for agriculture. Others will shift successfully from agriculture to industry and services. Yet some places will be unable to adjust altogether, and suffering populations will most likely move. We are just beginning to understand these phenomena in quantitative terms. Economists, hydr
24、ologists, agronomists and climatologists will have to join forces to take the next steps in scientific understanding of this human crisis.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?（分数：2.00）A.Many places in the world are unsuitable to live in due to climate ch
25、ange.B.Environmental pressures may render plenty of people displaced.C.Many people may have to leave their hometowns for lack of water.D.Rising sea levels will be quite a common phenomenon around the world.(2).Attention should be paid to humid areas in Southeast Asia in that（分数：2.00）A.they are subje
26、ct to the changes of monsoon patterns.B.they are endangered by fast developing industries.C.any rise in sea levels will cause certain damages to them.D.they may be dried up because of global warming.(3).The word “synchronizing“(Line 3, Paragraph 4)most probably means（分数：2.00）A.synthesizing.B.precedi
27、ng.C.coinciding.D.harmonizing.(4).What can we infer from the last paragraph?（分数：2.00）A.The issue of greenhouse gas emissions does not deserve so much attention.B.We have to understand climate changes in both quantitative and qualitative terms.C.Measures should be taken to handle the alterations in w
28、ater-society relation.D.People from all walks of life should join hands in combating water shortage.(5).Which of the following would be the best title for the text?（分数：2.00）A.Water and LifeB.Changes in Water-Society RelationC.Water Problem and Its ImpactsD.Climate Change RefugeesAfter clashes betwee
29、n riot police and protesters, workers at the Keihin Hotel in Tokyo were forcibly ejected on January 25th. They had been fired in October when the hotel went bankrupt, but decided to keep it runningan example of the lengths to which people will go to keep their jobs in Japan, where unemployment is su
30、ddenly rising at an alarming rate. Over 150,000 people are expected to lose their jobs between October and March. Hisashi Yamada of the Japan Research Institute expects 1.5 million job losses by the end of next year, lifting the unemployment rate from 4% last year to over 6%. Though low by internati
31、onal standards, yet that is exceptionally high in Japan. Hardest hit will be “non-regular“ workersthose who work part-time, as day-laborers, for a fixed duration, or under agency contracts. “Regular“ workers enjoy benefits such as housing, bonuses, training and(usually)lifetime employment, but non-r
32、egular workers earn as little as 40% of the pay for the same work, and do not receive training, pensions or unemployment insurance. In the past 20 years their numbers have grown to one-third of all workers. For years most Japanese ignored their predicament . But now their problems have erupted into
33、plain sight. In January around 500 recently fired, homeless people set up a tent village in Hibiya Parka highly visible spot in the centre of Tokyo. Politicians and television news crews flocked to the scene. The embarrassed city government eventually found accommodation for the park“s homeless in u
34、nused city-owned buildings, though it put them up for only a week. The problem is that Japan lacks a social safety net, says Makoto Yuasa, the organizer of the Hibiya tent village, who dropped out of a PhD program at Tokyo University to help homeless people. Because families or companies traditional
35、ly looked after people, the state did not have to. Moreover, there is a stigma in Japan if an unemployed person asks for help: “If you don“t work, you don“t deserve to eat“, the saying goes. Yet there are signs of change. The main political parties recognize the need to establish better support and
36、training for non-regular workers. And there is even a new government program to help unemployed foreign workers, such as Brazilians who worked at car factories, so that they do not leave Japan if they are laid off. With a shrinking population and workforce, losing skilled hands would only compound t
37、he country“s woes when the economy eventually recovers.（分数：10.00）(1).We can infer from the event of Keihin Hotel in Japan that（分数：2.00）A.workers would try every means to keep their jobs.B.the protesters are fired because of several conflicts.C.the hotel has to be shut down to avoid further clashes.D
38、.unemployed workers cause instability in the society.(2).The main difference between regular workers and non-regular workers lies in（分数：2.00）A.working environmentB.legal status.C.job benefits.D.labor intensity.(3).The word “predicament“(Line 1, Paragnph 3)most probably means（分数：2.00）A.plight.B.infer
39、iority,C.poverty.D.misery.(4).The text suggests that tent village in Hibiya Park has（分数：2.00）A.shown most laid-off workers in Tokyo were homeless.B.helped 500 homeless or jobless people to find a living place.C.changed the traditional view of working in Japan.D.pushed the city government to address
40、the social security problem.(5).Which of the following is true according to the text?（分数：2.00）A.The unemployment rate in Japan is relatively high compared with other nations.B.The present unemployment rate in Japan is among the highest in its history.C.The government has not yet recognized the need
41、to help non-regular workers.D.The government is reluctant to take measures to keep the technical workers.Boys and girls used to grow up and set aside their childish pursuits. Not anymore. These days, men and women hold on to their inner kid. They live with their parents far longer than previous gene
42、rations. They“re getting married later. Even when they have kids, moms and dads download pop songs for their cell phone ringtones, play video games, watch cartoons, and indulge in foods from their childhood. Christopher Noxon explores this Peter Pan culture in his new book, Rejuvenile: Kickball, Car
43、toons, Cupcakes, and the Reinvention of the American Grownup. For rejuveniles today, all roads lead back to Peter Pan and the turn of the twentieth century. The natural capacities of children, which for centuries had been viewed as weak and obstinate were over the course of these few years discovere
44、d as a primary source of inspiration and profit. It would be another century before the rejuvenile rebellion we know today, but resistance to what historian Woody Register calls “the weakening prudence, restraint and solemnity of growing up“ began here, with the first flight of Pan and the dawn of t
45、he twentieth century. The temptation today is to think of adulthood as a historic and natural fact. In a 2004 essay on “The Perpetual Adolescent,“ Joseph Epstein wrote that adulthood was treated as the “lengthiest and most earnest part of life, where everything serious happened.“ To stray outside th
46、e defined boundaries of adulthood, he wrote, was “to go against what was natural and thereby to appear inappropriate, to put one“s world somehow out of joint.“ Before the Industrial Revolution, no one thought much about adulthood, and even less about childhood. In sixteenth-century Europe, for insta
47、nce, “children shared the same games with adults, the same toys, and the same fairy stories. They lived their lives together, never apart,“ notes historian J.H. Plumb. This shouldn“t suggest that people in the past didn“t distinguish between kids and grown-ups. Of course they did. The distinction fo
48、rms the basis of rites of passage that are as old as human history. A-mazonian initiation rites, Jewish Bar and Bat Mitzvahs, Christian confirmationsall serve the same basic function: to formally announce the end of childhood and the assumption of new duties and freedoms. It“s a mistake, though, to
49、confuse maturity with adulthood. The maturity celebrated in traditional rites of passage is not the same thing as the idea of adulthood hatched a century ago by a group of Victorian clergymen and society ladies. Maturity is old. “Adulthood“ is new.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, Peter Pan culture is probably a phenomenon that（分数：2.00）A.people cast away their childish pursuits once they grow up.B.people i
