1、考研英语（阅读）-试卷 168 及答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.（分数：10.00）_There was a great deal to be troubled by in a repor
2、t by the International Committee of the Red Cross documenting the kinds of torture and abuse inflicted on terrorism suspects by the Central Intelligence Agency. One disturbing footnote is that medical personnel were deeply involved in facilitating the abuses, which were intended to coerce suspects i
3、nto providing intelligence. The report, prepared in 2007 but kept secret until it was published by The Nexv York Review of Books , was based on Red Cross interviews in late 2006 with 14 “high-value detainees“, who include some of the most dangerous terrorists in custody. The prisoners“ complaints ga
4、in credibility because they described similar abuses and had been kept in isolation at different locations, with no chance to concoct a common story. Various prisoners said they had been subjected to waterboarding, forced to stand for days with their arms shackled overhead, confined in small boxes,
5、beaten and kicked, slammed repeatedly into walls, prevented from sleeping, deprived of solid food, forced to remain naked for weeks or months at a stretch, often in frigid cells and immersed in cold water. All were kept in continuous solitary confinement for their C. I. A. detention, ranging from 16
6、 months to more than four years. Medical personnel seem to have been involved mostly as facilitators rather than torturers or interrogators. In one case, they monitored a detainee“s oxygen saturation with a device attached to his finger so waterboarding could be stopped before the prisoner suffocate
7、d. In another case, an amputee forced to stand with his arms shackled overhead had his intact leg checked daily for signs of dangerous swelling. Several detainees said health workers sometimes instructed interrogators to continue, adjust or stop particular methods of abuse. Such activities violate t
8、he ethical codes of major health organizations, both national and international. The Red Cross called it “a gross breach of medical ethics“ that in some cases “amounted to participation in torture and/or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment“. None of the health personnel wore identification, but th
9、e prisoners inferred that they were physicians or psychologists. They also could have been paramedics, physician“s assistants or other less-trained personnel. The report underscores the need to have a full-scale investigation into these abusive practices and into who precisely participated in them.
10、Only then will we know whether indictments or, in the case of physicians, the loss of medical licenses, are warranted.（分数：10.00）(1).What troubled us most in the report was that_.（分数：2.00）A.health workers assisted C. I. A. to abuse prisonersB.it documented the torture inflicted on prisonersC.terroris
11、m suspects were cruelly tortured by C. I. A.D.prisoners were compelled to provide intelligence(2).The information exposed in the report was credible since_.（分数：2.00）A.it was based on Red Cross interviews with detaineesB.the New York Review of Books had a high reputationC.it was provided by some dang
12、erous terrorists in custodyD.the abuses described by prisoners kept in isolation were similar(3).It was reported that medical staff_.（分数：2.00）A.compelled an amputee to stand with his arms shackled overheadB.had terrorism suspects confined in frigid cells for months or yearsC.forced prisoners to rema
13、in naked continuously for weeks or monthsD.directed torturers or interrogators to use a particular abusive method(4).If a physician were found to he involved in abusing prisoners, he_.（分数：2.00）A.might have his medical license revokedB.might be charged with committing a crimeC.would be condemned for
14、breaching ethicsD.would be pronounced guilty or sentenced(5).The proper title for this text should be_.（分数：2.00）A.Detainees Abused by C. I. A.B.Medically Assisted TortureC.Abusive Practices in PrisonsD.Terrorism Suspects in CustodyAlthough Consumers Union concedes that “ no confirmed cases of harm t
15、o humans from manufactured nanoparticles have been reported“, it adds that “there is cause for concern based on several worrisome findings from the limited laboratory and animal research so far. “ It worries that particles that are nontoxic at normal sizes may become toxic when nanosized; that these
16、 nanoparticles, which are already present in cosmetics and food, can more easily “enter the body and its vital organs, including the brain“, than normal particles; and that nanomaterials will linger longer in the environment. All of this really comes down to pointing out that some particles are smal
17、ler than others. Size is not a reliable indicator of potential harm to human beings, and nature itself is filled with nanoparticles. But the default assumption of danger from the new is palpable. Anti-nanotech sentiment has not been restricted to Consumers Union “ s relatively short list of concerns
18、. In France, groups of hundreds of protesters have rallied against even such benign manifestations of the technology as the carbon nanotubules that allow Parkinson“s sufferers to stop tremors by directing medicine to their own brains. In England members of a group called THRONG(The Heavenly Righteou
19、s Opposed to Nanotech Greed)have disrupted nanotech business conferences dressed as angels. In 2005 naked protesters appeared in front of an Eddie Bauer store in Chicago to condemn one of the more visible uses of nanotech: stain-resistant pants. These nanopants employ billions of tiny whiskers to cr
20、eate a layer of air above the rest of the fabric, causing liquids to roll off easily. It“s not quite what Kurzweil and Crichton had in mind, nor is it “little robots in your pants“, as CNN put it. But nanotechnology arguably embraces any item that incorporates engineering at the molecular level, inc
21、luding mundane products like this one. Just as the nano label can be broadly applied to products for branding and attention-grabbing purposes, so too can critics use the label to condemn barely related developments by linking them to the(still hypothetical)problems of nanopollution and gray goo. But
22、 there“s a danger in thinking of nanotech only in god-or-goo terms. People at both extremes of the controversy fail to appreciate the humble, incremental, yet encouraging progress that nanotech researchers are making. And focusing on dramatic visions of nanotech heaven or hell may foster restriction
23、s that delay or block innovations that can extend and improve our lives.（分数：10.00）(1).What worries Consumers Union is that nanoparticles _.（分数：2.00）A.linger in environment and are omnipresent in natureB.can enter the brain more easily than normal particlesC.become essential components of cosmetics a
24、nd foodD.present in products may cause harm to human beings(2).The word “palpable“ in the last sentence of the first paragraph most probably means _.（分数：2.00）A.tangibleB.availableC.detectableD.understandable(3).The example of carbon nanotubules is cited to show that _.（分数：2.00）A.anti-nanotech sentim
25、ent predominates in FranceB.nanotech relieves the pain of Parkinson“s sufferersC.even potential benefit of nanotech may cause worryD.Consumers Union“s worry about nanotech is negligible(4).It seems that nanopant.s _.（分数：2.00）A.are as ordinary as any mundane productB.are not as harmful as some people
26、 thinkC.tend to provoke anti-nanotech sentimentD.initiate engineering at the molecular level(5).The author argues that nanotech is_.（分数：2.00）A.neither god nor devilB.neither credible nor reliableC.neither inferior nor superiorD.neither harmful nor beneficialSo-called “identity theft“ occurs when a p
27、erson pretends to be someone else(say that victim is you)and a financial institution or government agency accepts as proof of identity the criminal“s knowledge of your personal data such as your Social Security account number or birth date. This personal data is then treated like a “master password“
28、 that allows access to your accountsor even allows for the creation of new accounts in your name. Obviously, so-called identity theft is not really a case of stolen identity, but is instead a case of impersonation. To prevent ID fraud, government agencies such as the Federal Trade Commission glibly
29、advise individuals to not disclose their personal data. As we all know, however, that advice is laughable. Most Americans are powerless to prevent disclosure of their personal data to strangers. Take, for example, employer benefits programs. The programs routinely use such data as an employee ID, So
30、cial Security account number, and birth date as the required keys to access the employees“ accounts. Without disclosing such data to a stranger, who is frequently a person in a call center in a foreign country, many individuals can“t even make appointments for routine dental checkups or eye exams. C
31、onsidering the growing popularity of companies“ relocating their call centers overseas, one can only imagine how much this trend will increase identity theft if unchecked. Criminals can also access our personal data through other means. Wholesale dissemination(sometimes accidentally)of large amounts
32、 of personal data happens via government agencies, employers, and other businesses. This can take place through computer backup tapes that are lost or retired without being erased, through the outsourcing of computer operations jobs to people inside as well as outside of the United States, and throu
33、gh lax enforcement of immigration laws thereby allowing foreign criminals to obtain computer jobs in Americajust to name a few. In the state of Wisconsin recently a company printed the Social Security numbers of 171 ,000 citizens on 2006 tax booklets that were to be sent through the mail. The printi
34、ng company is sent a list of Social Security numbers from the state each year. They arc supposed to use parts of each taxpayer“s confidential information to create an identifying code, but they erred. Virtually every Tom, Dick, and Harry in America, along with numerous people in call centers in Indi
35、a and other foreign countries, have access to people“s Social Security account numbers, birth dates, and other personal data. Let“s face ityour personal data just isn“t a secret anymore.（分数：10.00）(1).The word “impersonation“ at the end of the first paragraph most probably means the act of_.（分数：2.00）
36、A.stealingB.imitatingC.pretendingD.counterfeiting(2).By saying “that advice is laughable“, the author means that_.（分数：2.00）A.that advice is neither professional nor sensibleB.everyone has to disclose his personal data sometimesC.the advices given by the government are rarely workableD.government age
37、ncies are laughable in giving that advice(3).The example of employer benefits programs is given to show that_.（分数：2.00）A.personal data are required to enjoy any social security programB.there is much to be done to improve employer benefits programsC.employer benefits programs will inevitably increas
38、e identity theftD.the disclosure of personal data to strangers is inevitable for most people(4).Which of the following helps criminals easily obtain our personal data?（分数：2.00）A.The strict enforcement of immigration laws.B.The printing of the Social Security numbers.C.The proliferation of computer o
39、peration jobs.D.The mishandling of used computer backup tapes.(5).The author believes that nobody can keep his personal data secret because_.（分数：2.00）A.one“s personal information is easily accessible to many peopleB.identity theft has been increasing much faster than ever beforeC.personal informatio
40、n is needed to create an identifying codeD.more companies have relocated their call centers overseasRespect is your ability to empathize with another human being, despite contrasting opinions, values, or lifestyles. Being able to put yourself in another persons shoes, see the world as they may see i
41、t, and respect the decisions they make based on their life, is essential as a part of living. People are uniquely diverse. No one person will ever truly be the same as another. No one is ever going to have all the same opinions as you, agree with you always, or even understand where you are coming f
42、rom all of the time. But, if you learn to respect that, things become a lot easier. Respecting a person can be easy when they are similar to you, or their character agrees with the things you favor in life. For example, if an aspiring writer meets a published author, they respect them. But, the more
43、 difficult part of respect is maintaining it even when the other person does not relate to you. If you think negatively of a person, it is hard to feel respect for them. But everyone has an aspect of themselves which deserves respect. Even if nothing else, every person deserves basic human respect.
44、Respect comes in many forms, from what you say to a person, how you treat them, your body language around a person, and even the decisions you make based on a person. What is the simplest way to maintain respect? Treat others as you would be treated. It is never easy to respect someone who you disli
45、ke, or can“t relate to. But, it is the most rewarding aspect of respect. When you reach out your hand to a person who does not expect such a gesture from you, they open up. Maybe not right away, but with time, their opinion of you can change. The same goes for self-respect. It“s hard to respect your
46、self when you“ve done wrong, made bad decisions, or even just had a rough day. But if you keep believing in yourself, and try to do better each day, respect can become easier. So what is the true meaning of respect? It is being positive towards yourself and others when the easier option seems to be
47、negativity. It“ s giving people a chance, believing in opportunity, and understanding that just because someone is different, doesn“t mean you both don“t deserve the same.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the text, respect means_.（分数：2.00）A.to have a regard for other people“s feelingsB.to establish a solid
48、 relationship with othersC.to accept contrasting opinions, or lifestylesD.to like a person and understand his viewpoint(2).The author asserts that_.（分数：2.00）A.no two persons are exactly the sameB.everyone has his own world outlookC.human diversity has to be respectedD.everybody is unusual and remark
49、able(3).The example of an aspiring writer is given to show that_.（分数：2.00）A.any person on your side is worthy of your respectB.maintaining respect for any person is hard to learnC.feeling respect for a person you dislike is difficultD.respecting a person you like to become is quite easy(4).To maintain respect, you should_.（分数：2
