1、上海交通大学英语语言学真题 2007 年及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)1.productivity (as a property of language)（分数：4.00）_2.phoneme（分数：4.00）_3.bound morpheme（分数：4.00）_4.concord (or: agreement)（分数：4.00）_5.homonymy（分数：4.00）_6.indirect speech act（分数：4.00）_7.pidgins and creoles（分数：4.00）_8.diglossia（分数：4.00）_9.linguistic deter
2、minism（分数：4.00）_10.language universals（分数：4.00）_11.A number of interesting word-formation processes can be discerned in the following examples. Can you identify what is going on in these?(a)The deceaseds cremains were scattered over the hill.(b)Hes always taking pills, either uppers or downers.（分数：1
3、2.00）_12.What are the inflectional morphemes in the following phrases:(a)the teachers books(b)its snowing(c)the newest model(d)the cow jumped over the moon（分数：12.00）_13.According to many linguists, there is no future tense in English, but there are a number of ways to express future time. Discuss th
4、is statement with examples.（分数：12.00）_14.What is meant by the term “cohesion“ in the study of texts? What is “cohesion“ different from the term “coherence“ ?（分数：12.00）_15.Does the constancy under negation test work as a means of finding the presupposition of the following sentences? What are the pre
5、suppositions:(a)John regrets that he broke your computer.(b)The pregnant engineer went on a holiday.(c)His brother is bald.（分数：12.00）_上海交通大学英语语言学真题 2007 年答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)1.productivity (as a property of language)（分数：4.00）_正确答案：(By productivity, language is designed to make its users form a
6、nd understand an infinite sentences, most of which are never before produced or heard. For instance, we can write a sentence like the following and go on endlessly: “He bought a book which was written by a teacher who taught in a school which was known for its graduates who.“.)解析：解析 本题考查语言的定义特点之一多产性
7、，考生也应掌握语言的任意性、二层性和移位性。2.phoneme（分数：4.00）_正确答案：(Phoneme is a unit of explicit sound contrast. If two sounds in a language make a contrast between two different words, they are said to different phonemes. For example, /i:/ and /i/ are phonemes.)解析：解析 本题考查音位概念，考生也应掌握音位变体、最小对比对、发音方式、发音部位等概念。3.bound morp
8、heme（分数：4.00）_正确答案：(Bound morpheme refers to those which cannot occur alone and must appear with at least one other morpheme. For example, the word distempered has three morphemes, namely, dis- and -ed are two bound morphemes. There are two types of morphemes which fall into the “bound“ category: de
9、rivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes.)解析：解析 本题考查黏着语素的定义，考生也应了解计算机辅助教学与学习、机器翻译、语料库语言学研究的方法。4.concord (or: agreement)（分数：4.00）_正确答案：(Concord (or Agreement) may be defined as the requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes that stand in specific syntactic relatio
10、nship with one another, shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category (or categories). For instance, the syntactic relationship between this pen and it in the following dialogue:Whose is this pen?Oh, its the one I lost.)解析：解析 本题考查一致关系的定义，考生也应了解语法范畴中的性、数、格等重要概念。5.homonymy（分
11、数：4.00）_正确答案：(The term homonymy is used when one form (written and spoken) has two or more unrelated meanings. For instance, homophones: flower-flour, dear-deer; homographs: close close , sow )解析：解析 本题考查同形/同音异义的定义，考生也应了解同义、反义、上下义及一词多义等概念。6.indirect speech act（分数：4.00）_正确答案：(According to Searle, indi
12、rect speech acts refers to the kind of speech acts, or illocutionary acts, in which one illocutionary act is performed by way of performing another. For example, the sentence “Could you do this for me?“, in spite of the meaning of the lexical items and the interrogative illocutionary force-indicatin
13、g devices is not characteristically uttered as a subjunctive question concerning your abilities; it is characteristically uttered as a request.)解析：解析 本题考查间接言语行为定义，考生也应了解会话含义、合作原则、关联理论等语用学涉及的重要概念。7.pidgins and creoles（分数：4.00）_正确答案：(A Pidgin is a variety of a language (e.g. English) which began as a
14、kind of “contact“ language and developed for some practical purpose, such as trading, among groups of people who had a lot of contact, but who did not know each others languages. As such, it would have no native speakers. The origin of the term “Pidgin“ is thought to be from Chinese Pidgin version o
15、f the English word “business“. The origin of many words in Pidgins can be phrases from other languages, such as one word used for “lift“ which is haisimap (from “hoist him up“ ).When a Pidgin develops beyond its role as a trade language and becomes the first language of a social community, it is des
16、cribed as a Creole. Tok Pisin, for example, would more accurately be described as a Creole.)解析：解析 本题考查洋泾浜和克里奥尔语的定义，考生也应了解其他语言变体的概念。8.diglossia（分数：4.00）_正确答案：(Diglossia is a term used to describe a situation in which two very different varieties of language co-exist in a speech community, each with a
17、 distinct range of social functions. There is normally a “High“ variety, for formal or serious matters, and a “Low“ variety, for conversation and other informal uses. A form of diglossia exists in most Arabic-speaking countries where the high, or classical variety is used in lectures.)解析：解析 本题考查双语制概
18、念。9.linguistic determinism（分数：4.00）_正确答案：(What Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests is like this: our language helps mould our way of thinking and, consequently, different languages may probably express speakers unique ways of understanding the world. Following this argument, two important points can be
19、captured in this theory. On the one hand, language may determine our thinking patterns; on the other, similarity between languages is relative. For two different speech communities, the greater their structural differentiation is, the more diverse their conceptualization of the world will be. For th
20、is reason, this hypothesis has alternatively been referred to.)解析：解析 本题考查 Sapir-Whorf 假说中的语言决定论概念，考生同时也应了解语言相对论的阐述。10.language universals（分数：4.00）_正确答案：(While many linguists have recognized the extent to which languages are subject to variation, they have also noted the extent to which all languages
21、 have certain common properties. Those common properties, which can be described as those definitive features of language, are called language universals.)解析：解析 本题考查语言的普遍性概念。11.A number of interesting word-formation processes can be discerned in the following examples. Can you identify what is going
22、 on in these?(a)The deceaseds cremains were scattered over the hill.(b)Hes always taking pills, either uppers or downers.（分数：12.00）_正确答案：(In sentence (a), the word “cremains“, formed after blending “cremation and remains“, means the ashes that remain after the cremation of a corpse. Blending is typi
23、cally accomplished by taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of the other word. If you combine smoke and fog, theres the term smog.In sentence (b), “upper“ and “downer“ are formed after adding the derivational morpheme “-er“. Derivation is accomplished by means of a large nu
24、mber of small “bits“ of the English language which are not usually given separate listings in dictionaries. For example, if you add “-un“ to “happy“, you will get “unhappy“.)解析：解析 本题考查构词方法，考生应熟知发明、借词、混合、合成、派生、曲折、逆构、缩略等构词方法。12.What are the inflectional morphemes in the following phrases:(a)the teache
25、rs books(b)its snowing(c)the newest model(d)the cow jumped over the moon（分数：12.00）_正确答案：(Inflectional morphemes indicate grammatical relations by adding inflectional affixes, such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and case; and When inflectional affixes are added, the grammatical class of the st
26、ems (to which they are attached) will not change. For instance, car/cars, open/opened, boy/boys.(a)“-s“ in teachers (case)(b)“-ing“ in snowing (aspect)(c)“-est“ in newest (degree)(d)“-ed“ in jumped (tense)解析：解析 本题考查形态学领域涉及的重要概念曲折语素。13.According to many linguists, there is no future tense in English,
27、 but there are a number of ways to express future time. Discuss this statement with examples.（分数：12.00）_正确答案：(Tense and aspect are two important categories of the verb, and they were not separated in traditional grammar. Based on the tense system in Latin grammar, English used to be said to have six
28、teen tenses. Nowadays, linguists make two distinctions: one between time and tense, and the other between tense and aspect. Time is a universal concept, which every language is capable of expressing; while tense is a linguistic concept, which varies from language to language. The difference between
29、tense and aspect is that the former is deictic, i.e. indicating time relative to the time of utterance; while the latter is not deictic, the time indicated is not relative to the time of utterance, but relative to the time of another event described, or implied, in the narrative. As a result, there
30、are only two tenses recognized now: past and present. The so-called future tense is not expressed in the same way as these two. That is, it is not expressed by morphology/not by the different forms of the verb, but by various other means, such as “will/shall + infinitive“, “be going to + infinitive“
31、, “present progressive aspect“, “simple present tense“ and “will/shall + progressive infinitive“. And will and shall are basically modal verbs like can and may.)解析：解析 本题考查英语将来时的表达方式。14.What is meant by the term “cohesion“ in the study of texts? What is “cohesion“ different from the term “coherence“
32、?（分数：12.00）_正确答案：(Cohesion can be thought of as all the grammatical and lexical links that link one part of a text to another. This includes use of synonyms, lexical sets, pronouns, verb tenses, time references, grammatical reference, etc. For example, “it“, “neither“ and “this“ all refer to an idea
33、 previously mentioned. “First of all“, “then“ and “after that“ help to sequence a text. “However“, “in addition“ and “for instance“ link ideas and arguments in a text.Coherence can be thought of as how meanings and sequences of ideas relate to each other. Typical examples would be general-particular
34、, statement-example, problem-solution, question- answer, and claim-counter-claim.It is difficult to separate the two. However, think of coherence as the text making sense as a whole at an idea level, and cohesion as rather more mechanical links at a language level. You can imagine that it is possibl
35、e for a piece of writing to contain plenty of cohesion yet little coherence.)解析：解析 本题考查衔接与连贯，考生应灵活把握衔接与连贯的表现形式。15.Does the constancy under negation test work as a means of finding the presupposition of the following sentences? What are the presuppositions:(a)John regrets that he broke your computer.
36、(b)The pregnant engineer went on a holiday.(c)His brother is bald.（分数：12.00）_正确答案：(What a speaker assumes is true or is known by the hearer can be described as a presupposition. If someone tells you Your brother is waiting outside for you, there is an obvious presupposition that you have a brother.C
37、onstancy under negation test for presupposition is one of the tests used to check for the presuppositions underlying sentences involving negating a sentence with a particular presupposition and considering whether the presupposition remains true. Take the sentence My car is a wreck. Now take the neg
38、ative version of this sentence: My car is not a wreck. Notice that, although these two sentences have opposite meanings, the underlying presupposition, I have a car, remains true in both. The presuppositions are as follows:(a)You have a computer; John broke your computer.(b)The engineer is female; The engineer is pregnant.(c)He has a brother.)解析：解析 本题考查语用学中的预设。
