1、英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编 23及答案解析(总分：48.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、判断题(总题数：5，分数：10.00)1.Metonymy involves using the familiar to stand for the unfamiliar. (对外经贸 2005研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假2.The utterance meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered.（分数：2.00）A.真B.假3.Language acquisition refers to the
2、 process involved in creating and expressing meaning through language.（分数：2.00）A.真B.假4.Structural metaphor means that human experiences with physical objects provide the basis for ways of viewing events, activities, emotions, ideas, etc. , as entities and substances.（分数：2.00）A.真B.假5.Superordinate ca
3、tegories are the most general ones. The members of a superordinate category do not have enough features in common to conjure up a common gestalt at this level.（分数：2.00）A.真B.假二、单项选择题(总题数：5，分数：10.00)6.How does the top-down approach differ from the bottom-up approach in language processing? (对外经贸 2005研
4、)（分数：2.00）A.Bottom-up processing is more effective than top-down processing in speech synthesis.B.Bottom-up processing utilizes all information one has in speech perception.C.Top-down processing uses ones existing knowledge and the incoming speech signal.D.Top-down processing is more efficient than
5、bottom-up processing in speech comprehension.7._is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.（分数：2.00）A.CompetenceB.PerformanceC.LearningD.Acquisition8.During language acquisition, children go through several stages, during whic
6、h stage they begin to have sensitivity to the phonetic distinctions used in their parents language.（分数：2.00）A.Holophrastic stageB.Two word stageC.Three word stageD.Fluent grammatical conversation stage9._is the study of psychological aspect of language.（分数：2.00）A.language acquisitionB.applied lingui
7、sticsC.psycholinguisticsD.pragmatics10._does not belong to Construal Operations.（分数：2.00）A.Attention/ SalienceB.Judgment/ ComparisonC.metaphor and metonymyD.Perspective/ Situatednesss三、简答题(总题数：4，分数：8.00)11.What is the purpose of studying language and mind? (南开大学 2004研)（分数：2.00）_12.What is the cognit
8、ive interpretation of image schema? (北航 2010研)（分数：2.00）_13.How to understand a sentence?（分数：2.00）_14.What is blending theory?（分数：2.00）_四、名词解释(总题数：7，分数：14.00)15.Language acquisition (浙江大学 2004研)（分数：2.00）_16.government (南开大学 2011年研)（分数：2.00）_17.Psycholiguistics（分数：2.00）_18.The Innateness Hypothesis（分数
9、：2.00）_19.Construal and construal operations（分数：2.00）_20.Categorization（分数：2.00）_21.Cognition（分数：2.00）_五、1 举例说明题(总题数：3，分数：6.00)22.In informal speech, people often omit sentence subjects because they are commonly understood. What are the omitted subjects in the following two sentences? Why do people
10、know that these are the correct subjects? (南京大学 2008研)a. Hope you like everything here.b. Just imagine what has just happened here.（分数：2.00）_23.Describe the process of language perception, comprehension and production.（分数：2.00）_24.Research has found that two-year-old English children produce negativ
11、e sentences such as a) to d) , but not e) :a) He doesnt like cabbage.b) Doesnt like cabbage.c) Him no like cabbage.d) No like cabbage.e) * Him doesnt like cabbage.How can you account for this? (北外2006研)（分数：2.00）_英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编 23答案解析(总分：48.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、判断题(总题数：5，分数：10.00)1.Metonymy involves us
12、ing the familiar to stand for the unfamiliar. (对外经贸 2005研)（分数：2.00）A.真 B.假解析：解析：转喻是一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法。2.The utterance meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered.（分数：2.00）A.真 B.假解析：解析：话语意义随着话语情境的变化而不同。3.Language acquisition refers to the process involved in cr
13、eating and expressing meaning through language.（分数：2.00）A.真B.假 解析：解析：语言产出是一个通过语言来表达意义的过程。4.Structural metaphor means that human experiences with physical objects provide the basis for ways of viewing events, activities, emotions, ideas, etc. , as entities and substances.（分数：2.00）A.真B.假 解析：解析：实体隐喻是指人
14、类以自身经验和生理实体为基础，把事件、行为、情感、思想等抽象概念转换为实体。5.Superordinate categories are the most general ones. The members of a superordinate category do not have enough features in common to conjure up a common gestalt at this level.（分数：2.00）A.真 B.假解析：解析：上位范畴是最具概括性的范畴，各成员没有足够的共性构成一个共同的完形。二、单项选择题(总题数：5，分数：10.00)6.How
15、does the top-down approach differ from the bottom-up approach in language processing? (对外经贸 2005研)（分数：2.00）A.Bottom-up processing is more effective than top-down processing in speech synthesis.B.Bottom-up processing utilizes all information one has in speech perception. C.Top-down processing uses on
16、es existing knowledge and the incoming speech signal.D.Top-down processing is more efficient than bottom-up processing in speech comprehension.解析：解析：在语言处理加工过程中，有两种方法，即从一般到具体的自上而下的方法和从具体到一般的自下而上的方法。其中自下而上的方法会用到言语感知中的所有信息。7._is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second langu
17、age usually obtained in school settings.（分数：2.00）A.CompetenceB.PerformanceC.Learning D.Acquisition解析：解析：在学校里我们会学到第二语言，对第二语言知识的这种有意识的积累，叫做“学习“。8.During language acquisition, children go through several stages, during which stage they begin to have sensitivity to the phonetic distinctions used in thei
18、r parents language.（分数：2.00）A.Holophrastic stage B.Two word stageC.Three word stageD.Fluent grammatical conversation stage解析：解析：孩子们的语言习得要经历三个阶段，单词句阶段，双词句阶段，以及三词句阶段。在单词句阶段，孩子们会对其父母话语中的语音特征特别敏感。9._is the study of psychological aspect of language.（分数：2.00）A.language acquisition B.applied linguisticsC.p
19、sycholinguisticsD.pragmatics解析：解析：语言习得是从心理学的角度来研究语言，主要研究儿童不自觉地自然地掌握母语的过程。10._does not belong to Construal Operations.（分数：2.00）A.Attention/ SalienceB.Judgment/ ComparisonC.metaphor and metonymy D.Perspective/ Situatednesss解析：解析：识解操作是人类语言处理过程中概念化的过程，或者说，识解操作是理解语言表达方式所使用的基本心理过程和来源。包括(1)注意力突显；(2)判断对比；(3
20、)视点观察者位置。三、简答题(总题数：4，分数：8.00)11.What is the purpose of studying language and mind? (南开大学 2004研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：The study of language and mind aims to model the workings of the mind in relation to language; for example, it helps explain how the language production and perception is achieved. Sin
21、ce structures and connections in the mind are inevitably unobservable, researchers put forward hypotheses based on fragmentary clues. The label most usually given to the study of “language and mind“ is psycholinguistics, a term which is often perceived as being trendy. Psycholinguistics is concerned
22、 primarily with investigating the psychological reality of linguistic structures.)解析：12.What is the cognitive interpretation of image schema? (北航 2010研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Image schema is a recurring, dynamic pattern of our perceptual interactions and motor programs that gives coherence and structu
23、re to our experience. Image schema exists at a level of abstraction, operates at a level of mental organization between propositional structures and concrete image, and it can be subdivided into the following items: a center-periphery schema, a continent schema, a cycle schema, a force schema, a lin
24、k schema, a part-whole schema, a path schema, a scale schema and a vertical schema.)解析：13.How to understand a sentence?（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Besides decoding sounds and lexical meanings, comprehension also includes untangling the meaning of sentences. There are a few elements influencing the comprehe
25、nsion of sentences. The first is that the ambiguity of word meaning leads to difficulties in sentence understanding. The more complex information the word has, the more difficult the sentence is to be understood. The second factor is that the linguistic structure of the sentence affects the processi
26、ng time. Psycholinguists have addressed th phenomena of sentence comprehension in different ways. Firstly, serial models propose that the sentence comprehension system continually and sequentially follows the constraints of a languages grammar with remarkable speed. Secondly, parallel models emphasi
27、ze the comprehension system is sensitive to a vast range)解析：14.What is blending theory?（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Fauconnier cross-space mapping, generic space, blend and emergent structure. The blending theory suggests a new way of thinking about what constitutes a novel inference. Because the mapping op
28、eration involves integrated frames rather than isolated predicates, the choice of one particular framing over another necessarily results in a different set of attendant inferences.)解析：四、名词解释(总题数：7，分数：14.00)15.Language acquisition (浙江大学 2004研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Language acquisition; It refers to t
29、he gradual development of ability in a language by using it naturally in communicative situations.)解析：16.government (南开大学 2011年研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Government: In the traditional approach, it refers to a type of control over the form of some words by other words in certain syntactic constructions.
30、)解析：17.Psycholiguistics（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Psycholinguistics is the study of psychological aspects of language; it mainly studies the psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language. An important focus of psycholinguistics is the largely unconscious use of grammatical r
31、ules that enable people to produce and comprehend intelligible sentences. Psycholinguists investigate the relationship between language and thought, Psycholinguistics is also concerned with how languages are learned, and the role they play in our thinking.)解析：18.The Innateness Hypothesis（分数：2.00）_正确
32、答案：(正确答案：The innateness hypothesis was proposed by Chomsky. It says that the ability to acquire a human language is part of the biologically innate equipment of the human being, and that an infant is born with this knowledge of basic grammatical relations and categories, and this knowledge is univer
33、sal.)解析：19.Construal and construal operations（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Construal is the competence to conceive and portray the same situation in alternate ways through specificity, different mental scanning, directionality, vantage point, figure-ground segregation etc. Construal operations are conceptual
34、izing processes applied in language process by human beings. That is, construal operations are the underlying psychological processes and resources employed in the interpretation of linguistic expressions.)解析：20.Categorization（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Categorization is the process of classifying our expe
35、riences into different categories based on commonalities and differences. There are three levels in categories; the basic level, the superordinate level, and the subordinate level.)解析：21.Cognition（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Cognition is, in psychology, used to refer to the mental processes of an individual
36、, with particular relation to a concept which argues that the mind has internal mental states (such as beliefs, desires and intentions) and can be understood as information processing, especially when much abstraction or concretization is involved, or processes such as involving knowledge, expertise
37、 or learning for example are at work. Another definition of “cognition“ is the mental process or faculty of knowing, including aspects such as awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgment.)解析：五、1 举例说明题(总题数：3，分数：6.00)22.In informal speech, people often omit sentence subjects because they are common
38、ly understood. What are the omitted subjects in the following two sentences? Why do people know that these are the correct subjects? (南京大学 2008研)a. Hope you like everything here.b. Just imagine what has just happened here.（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：The omitted subject in sentence a is “I“, and the omitted
39、 subject in sentence b is usually “You“. This is a matter of sentence comprehension in language comprehension. Psycholinguists have proposed principles interpreting sentence comprehension with respect to the grammatical constraints. The most popular principle is “Minimal attachment“ which defines “s
40、tructurally simpler“, and it claims that structural simplicity guides all initial analyses in sentence comprehension. In this view, the sentence processor constructs a single analysis of a sentence and attempts to interpret it. The first analysis is the one that requires the fewest applications of g
41、rammatical rules to attach each incoming word into the structure being built; it is the automatic consequence of an effort to get some analysis constructed as soon as possible. In the first sentence, when “hope“ as a verb is used to express the speakers desire and expectation for something to happen
42、, it conveys the will of the speaker. So, the subject of “hope“ is usually the speaker her/ himself and can be omitted when the two are talking to each other. When the speaker is making a statement and using “hope“ to express others will, the subject will not be omitted. Therefore, according to “minimal attachment“ principle, when
