1、大学生英语竞赛(NECCS)A 类研究生英语-18 及答案解析(总分：65.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Cloze(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Healthy guilt is a warning signal that either something dangerous is about to happen or something has already happened that needs c 1 . A feeling of distress is good when it keeps us from vio 2 our own values. It serves
2、a useful function. Here is a(n) 3 : If a fire broke out in someone“s home 4 to faulty wiring, he would not be content with merely putting out the fire. Rather, he would have the house rewired. When we feel guilty about something, we have to make the necessary changes in our character to prevent a re
3、 5 . Unhealthy guilt is a distressful feeling which occurs without reason or persists even after appropriate steps have been taken to deal 6 a situation. A person with low self-esteem may react to feelings of guilt in one of two ways: 7 (deny) that he has done wrong in order to protect his fragile e
4、go; or experience the feeling as a con 8 that he is just an unworthy person. An example involves the case of Mr. L. He has a 9 (agree) with Mr. Y and exchanges angry words. Later that day, Mr. Y gets sick. Mr. L may feel that he was the c 10 of Mr. Y“s misfortune. Mr. L feels 11 (warrant) guilt for
5、the misfortune and thinks that his angry feelings caused the misfortune. This is irrational thinking and is evi 12 of pathological guilt. When people do research 13 a particular challenge and make a decision, the decision may 14 to unfavorable consequences. Feeling distress and pain is normal. Howev
6、er, feeling guilty over the idea 15 you caused the consequences is unhealthy. As long as a decision is made with proper advice and with good intent, then the person remains morally right in having made the decision. There is no reason for guilt.（分数：15.00）二、Part Reading Compe(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Section
7、A(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Singletons, referring to those who live alone, are being comforted by well-meaning friends and family and told that not having a partner is not the end of the world. So, it would seem that they can say, yes, it is not. But no, in fact, it is the end. A gloomy study that has just been
8、 released says that the international trend towards living alone is putting an unprecedented strain on our ecosystem. For a number of reasons-relationship breakdown, career choice, longer life spans, smaller families-the number of individual households is growing. And this is putting intolerable pre
9、ssure on natural resources, and accelerating the extinction of endangered plant and animal species. And there is worse news. Running a refrigerator, television, cooker, plumbing system just for selfish little you is a disastrous waste of resources on our over-populated planet. “The efficiency of res
10、ource consumption“ is a lot higher in households of two people or more, simply because they share everything. Well imagine that. Just when you thought living alone was OK, you would find that all the time you were the enemy of mankind. Every time you put the kettle on the stove for a cup of coffee y
11、ou were destroying Mother Earth. Indeed, it is not just your mother who is a bit worried by your continuing single status-you are letting down the entire human race by not having a boyfriend or girlfriend. The trouble is that society has a group instinct and people panic and hit out when they see ot
12、her people quietly rebelling and straying away from the “standard“ of family and coupledom. The suggestion is that singledom should be at best a temporary state. Unless you are assimilated into a larger unit, you can never be fully functional. Try “communal living. “ There are all these illustration
13、s of young attractive people having a “great time“ laughingly bumping into each other. It looks like an episode of the TV series Friends. And the message is clear: Togetherness is good, solitude is bad, and being single on your own is not allowed. Questions:（分数：5.00）(1).Well-meaning friends and fami
14、ly members often tell those who live alone that _.（分数：1.00）A.they should end their singledom as soon as possibleB.they should live together with other singletonsC.singledom is an acceptable life-styleD.singledom can shorten one“s life-span(2).Which of the following may NOT be the reason for the incr
15、easing number of households as mentioned in the passage?（分数：1.00）A.Many people get divorced because of unhappy marriage.B.Now people can afford to support a household individually.C.Some people have to sacrifice family life for their careers.D.Many people live much longer than before.(3).The author
16、thinks living alone is disastrous mainly because singledom is _.（分数：1.00）A.harmful to people“s lifeB.destructive to our ecosystemC.dangerous to plants and animalsD.unworkable in our society(4).According to the passage, “accelerate“ means _.（分数：1.00）A.speed upB.resultC.causeD.bring(5).The author sugg
17、ests that singletons should _.（分数：1.00）A.find boy friends or girl friendsB.live with their parents and other family membersC.live together and share more with their friendsD.watch more episodes of the TV series Friends“四、Section B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)As the windiest country in Europe, the United Kingdom“s
18、 wind power potential is larger than the rest of Europe put together. Half of this resource is in Scotland. The UK“s government has promised to generate 10% of their electricity using renewable resources. Wind power is seen to be the answer to doing this. The UK has issued wind farm licences to prod
19、uce as much electricity as about six nuclear power stations. This policy has found favour with the public who support the search for cleaner energy sources. Until 1989, Denmark was the only European state that had installed wind turbines for generating electricity. After 1989, other European countri
20、es followed suit developing support mechanisms for developing renewable energy and particularly wind power. Since 1994 the remaining European countries have also really started to support wind power station installation. Countries offer different levels of support. Some governments have paid compani
21、es premiums to maintain their competitive edge while others have given investment subsidies to foster the development of technology. Tax incentives have also been offered. Nature provides us with indications for the best sites for wind turbine installation. Wind force and direction can be observed b
22、y leaning trees. This can most frequently be seen in open countryside and areas near coastlines and it is here, particularly in elevated spots clear of trees or buildings which obstruct the current of air, that wind farms have mostly been erected. Massive wind turbines, twice the size of conventiona
23、l turbines, are also being developed for use offshore, as it is there that the strongest and most constant winds are found. Believing that wind energy has no disadvantages is easy-it is clean, efficient and comparatively inexpensive and it creates no pollutants or emissions during operations. The el
24、ectricity generated in the first 6 to 9 months of operation by a typical wind turbine will usually meet its manufacturing costs. However, wind farms are frequently regarded as a type of visual pollution because of their common locations on hilltops. It is inescapable that sites with the most wind ar
25、e usually the most beautiful, and because they are built in wild, remote and untouched settings their impact is all the more noticeable. This is one of the most controversial questions when deciding on wind farm locations. Thus the setting of wind farms ought to be done with the greatest sensitivity
26、. When turbines are due for decommission, the entire structure can be wholly recycled or removed and the cost of total site restoration can usually be completely met by the scrap value. Wind turbines blades are made of glass fibre or wood epoxy and they can be of a diameter of 30 to 60 metres. The b
27、lades of the wind turbine generator are turned by the wind. The blades are joined to the hub that is in turn connected to the gear shaft. When the wind blows, the blades and hub turn the shaft that revolves within the generator; that then produces electricity. The power created is dependent on the b
28、lade size and the swept area. The speed of the wind and its availability are also key variables to be considered. The electricity is then moved to either the grid for regional use or to supply power to a stand-alone facility. European operational capability was 2,500 megawatts in total by the end of
29、 1995. By the end of 1996 it had increased to 3,400 MW and at the end of 1997 to 4,600 MW. There were steady increases in growth (40% per annum) over the following 6 years and the forecast is that this growth rate will persist. This is in contrast to practically zero growth in traditional fossil fue
30、l energy production. Nonetheless, even at existing production levels, only 2% of potential energy is being exploited. In due course therefore wind farms may well satisfy 20% of total European power requirements. The European country with the most operational capacity is Germany. This is mostly down
31、to the level of support given to wind power by Germany“s government. It has also been helped by recent innovation in the field of turbine development.（分数：5.00）(1).The UK“s government promised to generate 1 using renewable resources.（分数：1.00）(2).Wind power stations are better situated 1.（分数：1.00）(3).
32、Wind energy has no disadvantages for it is 1 during operations.（分数：1.00）(4).During the decommissioning of turbines, the cost of total site restoration can usually 1 the scrap value.（分数：1.00）(5). 1 has the highest current wind power capacity in Europe.（分数：1.00）五、Section C(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Malawi“s Green
33、 Gold They call it “Green Gold“ in Malawi. Tobacco rakes in more than 70 percent of Malawi“s foreign exchange and contributes one third of the country“s gross domestic product, giving Malawi the dubious honour of being the most tobacco-dependent economy in the world. In turn, the country contributes
34、 five percent of global tobacco exports including a fifth of the world“s burley tobacco, a sought-after sun-dried variety used in strong-tasting cigarette brands like Marlborough. As an indication of the country“s dependence on tobacco sales, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO
35、) estimates that 70 percent of Malawi“s 11 million residents depend either directly or indirectly on tobacco for their livelihoods. Tobacco became the backbone of Malawi“s economy under the dictatorship of Dr Hastings Banda who assumed control of the country at its independence from Britain in 1964
36、and remained in power until he was deposed by a referendum in 1993. During his almost three-decade reign, Dr Banda encouraged the tobacco industry and amassed a personal empire that saw him become the largest private tobacco grower in the world. Today, only foreign aid provides more income for Malaw
37、i than tobacco. Therefore tobacco“s reputation as a leading cause of preventable death worldwide is a dilemma for the government. As one of the poorest countries in Africa, Malawi depends on tobacco exports to buy food as well as maintain struggling health, education and infrastructure initiatives.
38、Yet without the support of foreign aid organizations, most of which oppose tobacco growing, Malawi“s fragile economy would crumble. One does not have to look far to predict the consequences of an economic collapse in Malawi. This year, failure of the east African maize crop combined with economic mi
39、smanagement triggered the country“s worst famine on record. Thousands have already died of starvation and the British aid organization Oxfam estimates that 3 million people in Malawi face a similar fate unless something is done. The food crisis only adds to existing burdens in a country where adult
40、HIV rates are estimated at one in five, malaria is endemic and childhood malnutrition widespread. Remove tobacco profits from this equation and many fear a human calamity. Ethical Dilemmas Compromising situations can create unusual political alliances and the tobacco industry in Malawi has some unli
41、kely supporters. Dr J. M. Mfutso Bengo, for instance, is a senior lecturer at the Malawi College of Medicine in Blantyre, a member of the UNESCO International Bioethics Committee and has a PhD in bioethics from a German university. When the World Health Organization was looking for a consultant in M
42、alawi for their anti-tobacco lobby in 2001, Dr Mfutso Bengo was well qualified for the position. He chose not to apply because of ethical and moral objections to the WHO campaign in Malawi. “ “My position is not motivated from ideology, it is motivated from pragmatism,“ says Dr Mfutso Bengo, who him
43、self is a non-smoker and receives no funding from the industry. “Tobacco employs more than half of Malawi“s labour force. If they take away tobacco, it would be economic suicide for Malawi. The social and health infrastructures would collapse and it would push Malawi further towards absolute depende
44、nce on foreign aid. The WHO could give me money to campaign against the industry but the poor people who are employed by the industry, where would they be?“ Dr Mfutso Bengo sees double standards at work in the international anti-tobacco lobby, whose concerns about smoking-related deaths in the devel
45、oped world he says overlook the more immediate health and economic problems in Malawi. “In a country where 60 percent of people live below the poverty line, basic health needs are most pressing-things like the prevention of cholera, malnutrition, malaria. Dealing with tobacco-based cancer is a luxur
46、y,“ he says. Questions :（分数：5.00）(1).What does the “Green Gold“ mean in the text?（分数：1.00）_(2).How long is the reign of Dr Hastings Banda?（分数：1.00）_(3).How many people in Malawi are likely to die of starvation this year?（分数：1.00）_(4).What is the motivation of Dr J. M. Mfutso Bengo“s opposition to th
47、e anti-tobacco movement?（分数：1.00）_(5).According to Dr J. M. Mfutso Bengo, what is the most pressing thing in Malawi?（分数：1.00）_六、Section D(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Because Atlas courses start every Monday of the year, there“s bound to be one that fits in with your academic, personal or professional commitments.
48、 Whatever your level of language ability, from beginner to advanced, you can choose to study for any length of time, from two weeks to a full year. Courses match a range of individual requirements, from intensive examination preparation to short summer programmes. Most courses commence at 9 am and run till 3 pm. If you take an intensive full-time course, we will help you select the Special Interest Options which best suit y
