1、大学四级-1443 及答案解析(总分：706.95，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)1.越来越多的人涌人大城市，有些问题随之产生2比较明显的问题有3我对这种现象的想法（分数：106.00）_二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：4，分数：70.00)PaperMore than Meets the EyeWe are surrounded by so much paper and card that it is easy to forget just how complex it is. There are many variet
2、ies and grades of paper materials, and whilst it is fairly easy to spot the varieties, it is far more difficult to spot the grades.It needs to be understood that most paper and card is manufactured for a specific purpose, so that whilst the corn-flake packet may look smart, it is clearly not somethi
3、ng destined for the archives. It is made to look good, but only needs a limited life span. It is also much cheaper to manufacture than high grade card.Paper can be made from an almost endless variety of cellulose-based material which will include many woods, cottons and grasses or which papyrus is a
4、n example and from where we get the word “paper“. Many of these are very specialized, but the preponderance of paper making has been from soft wood and cotton or rags, with the bulk being wood-based. Paper from WoodIn order to make wood into paper it needs to be broken down into fine strands. Firstl
5、y by powerful machinery and then boiled with strong alkalies such as caustic soda, until a fine pulp of cellulose fibers is produced. It is from this pulp that the final product is made, relying on the bonding together of the cellulose into layers. That, in a very small nutshell, is the essence of p
6、aper making from wood. However, the reality is rather more complicated. In order to give us our white paper and card, the makers will add bleach and other materials such as china clay and additional chemicals.A further problem with wood is that it contains a material that is not cellulose. Something
7、 called lignin. This is essential for the tree since it holds the cellulose fibres together, but if it is incorporated into the manufactured paper it presents archivists with a problem. Lignin eventually breaks down and releases acid products into the paper. This will weaken the bond between the cel
8、lulose fibers and the paper will become brittle and look rather brown and careworn. We have all seen this in old newspapers and cheap paperback books. It has been estimated that most paper back books will have a life of not greater than fifty years. Not what we need for our archives.Since the lignin
9、 can be removed from the paper pulp during manufacture, the obvious question is “why is it left in the paper?“ The answer lies in the fact that lignin makes up a considerable part of the tree. By leaving the lignin in the pulp a papermaker can increase his paper yield from a tree to some 95%. Removi
10、ng it means a yield of only 35%. It is clearly uneconomic to remove the lignin for many paper and card applications.It also means, of course, that lignin-free paper is going to be moxe expensive, but that is nevertheless what the archivist must look for in his supplies. There is no point whatsoever
11、in carefully placing our valuable artifacts in paper or card that is going to hasten their demise. Acid is particularly harmful to photographic materials, causing them to fade and is some cases simply vanish!So, how do we tell a piece of suitable paper or card from one that is unsuitable? You cannot
12、 do it by simply looking, and rather disappointingly, you cannot always rely on the label. “Acid-free“ might be true inasmuch as a test on the paper may indicate that it is a neutral material at this time. But lignin can take years before it starts the inevitable process of breaking down, and in the
13、 right conditions it wilt speed up enormously.Added to this, as I have indicated earlier, paper may also contain other materials added during manufacture such as bleach, china clay, chemical whiteners and size. This looks like a bleak picture, and it would be but for the fact that there are supplier
14、s who will guarantee the material that they sell. If you want to be absolutely sure that you are storing in, or printing on, the corect material then this is probably the only way.Incidentally, acids can migrate from material to material. Lining old shoe boxes with good quality acid-free paper will
15、do little to guard the contents. The acid will get there in the end. Paper from RagPaper is also commonly made from cotton and rag waste. This has the advantage of being lignin-free, but because there is much less cotton and rag than trees, it also tends to be much more expensive than wood pulp pape
16、r. You will still need to purchase from a reliable source though, since even rag paper and card can contain undesirable additives.A reliable source for quality rag papers is a recognized art stockiest. Many water color artists insist on using only fine quality rag paper and board.The main lesson to
17、learn from this information is that you cannot rely on purchasing archival materials from the high street. The only safe solution is to purchase from specialist suppliers. It may cost rather more, but in the end you will know that your important and valuable data and images have the best home possib
18、le.（分数：49.00）(1).The corn-flake packet is cheaper than_.（分数：7.00）A.high grade cardB.middle grade cardC.low grade cardD.any grade card(2).There are a lot of materials which can be used for making paper, but the superiority ones are_.（分数：7.00）A.woods, cottons and grassesB.soft wood and cottonC.soft wo
19、od, cotton and ragsD.cottons and grasses(3).During the whole manufacturing process, the final product is made from_.（分数：7.00）A.strong alkaliesB.caustic sodaC.cellulose fibresD.a pulp Amazon. com, CNN and Yahoo!Several North Carolina victims have been identified this year. The investigation has also
20、identified computer systems in North Carolina used by hackers to commit such attacks. Prosecutions of hackers have been hampered by the reluctance of companies to report security intrusions for fear of bad publicity and lost business. Meanwhile, too many corporations have made it too easy for crimin
21、als by sacrificing security for speed and accessibility. Jack Wiles, who will lead the local InfraGard chapters board, said a recent report estimated 97 percent of all cyber crime goes undetected. Wiles, a computer security expert, has a firewall on his personal computer to prevent hackers from gett
22、ing into his files. “I get at least one report a day that somebod was trying to get into my computer,“ he said, “the Net is a wonderful place, but its also a dangerous one./（分数：45.00）(1).From the first paragraph, we know_.（分数：9.00）A.InfraGard is a protective measure against cyber crimeB.InfraGard is
23、 a measure of cooperation and collaborationC.there will be 50 InfraGard chapters in all statesD.private business and the government are now committing cyber crime(2).Eaca local chapter oflnfraGard will be run by the following EXCEPT_.A academic communities C the FB1B public agencies D private indust
24、ry（分数：9.00）A.B.C.D.(3).By saying “too many corporations.speed and accessibility“ (Lines 3-4, Para. 3 ), the author means_.（分数：9.00）A.too many corporations take no notice of the security problem of computersB.criminals are sacrificing security for speed and accessibilityC.its very easy to sacrifice s
25、ecurity for speed and accessibilityD.many companies suffer from computer hacking because they value speed and accessibility more than security(4).All the following are reasons for the rise in cyber crime EXCEPT_.A victims wont report intrusions by hackers C the use of modem is increasingB victims ha
26、ve no firewalls D companies dont pay enough attention to security（分数：9.00）A.B.C.D.(5).It can be concluded from the passage that_.（分数：9.00）A.not all hacking attempts are worthy of investigationB.information of the victims is inaccessibleC.InfraGard chapters will be in effect by the end of SeptemberD.
27、Amazon.corn was often disrupted by hacking十、Part Cloze(总题数：1，分数：70.00)Every year more than half a million American kids have drainage (排泄) tubes surgically implanted in their ears to combat persistent infections. The procedure, known as tympanostomy, may not be as (67) as the tonsillectomy was in th
28、e 1940s, but it now (68) as the nations leading childhood (69) and a new study suggests its being vastly overused. In (70) more than 6,000 scheduled ear tube operations, a team of experts (71) by Harvard pediatrician Lawrence Kleinman found that fewer than half were clearly justified. “Each year“, t
29、he researchers write in the current Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), “several hundred thousand children in the United States may be (72) tympanostomy tubes that offer them no demonstrated (73) .and may place them at increased (74) .“Tube placement isnt a (75) risky procedure, but
30、it costs $1,000 to $t,500 and sometimes scars the eardrum, causing a partial loss of (76) . Studies show.that the benefits are most likely to (77) the risks ifa childs middle ear has produced sticky fluid (78) more than four months despite treatment (79) antibiotics. For less virulent infections, dr
31、ug treatment is usually a(n) (80) , safer alternative (though drugs, too, can be overused). In the new JAMA study, Kleinmans team reviewed the medical charts of 6,429 kids, all under 16, (81) doctors had recommended the procedure. Even making “generous assumptions“ about the likely (82) , the resear
32、chers found that a quarter of the proposed operations were (83) , since less invasive alternatives were available, (84) another third were as likely to harm the recipients as help them.Parents neednt (85) about ear tubes that are already in place. Once (86) implanted, the tiny devices provide draina
33、ge for six months to a year, then come out by reducing health costs by hundreds of millions of dollars（分数：70.00）A.rareB.commonC.generalD.abnormalA.considersB.alternatesC.rangesD.ranksA.operationB.diseaseC.conditionD.injectionA.findingB.reviewingC.amendingD.performingA.controlledB.conductedC.legitima
34、tedD.ledA.receivingB.acceptingC.undertakingD.initiatingA.disadvantageB.agreementC.advantageD.hortcomingA.bottomB.riskC.edgeD.extentA.subtlyB.hopefullyC.merelyD.terriblyA.feelingB.hearingC.healthD.memoryA.outfitB.outflowC.outweighD.outgrowA.forB.onC.inD.toA.byB.uponC.withD.alongA.expensiveB.fasterC.f
35、urtherD.cheaperA.whichB.whoseC.thatD.whoA.risksB.dangersC.chancesD.benefitsA.inappropriateB.favorableC.preferableD.inadequateA.whereB.whenC.whetherD.whileA.outrageB.panicC.complainD.protestA.livelyB.quicklyC.successfullyD.formally十一、Part Translation(总题数：5，分数：35.00)5.Only then 1(莫妮卡才意识到她有多爱她的丈夫)（分数：7
36、.00）填空项 1:_6. 1(这份工作吸引我的地方)is the salary and the possibility of foreign travel（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_7.It is time that 1(我们为期末考试做准备)（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_8.If you had 1(听了我的劝告，你就通过考试了)（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_9.What do you think of his suggestion that 1(我们应该把家搬到 离父母近点儿的地方)?（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_大学四级-1443 答案解析(总分：706.95，做题时间：90
37、 分钟)一、Part Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)1.越来越多的人涌人大城市，有些问题随之产生2比较明显的问题有3我对这种现象的想法（分数：106.00）_正确答案：(City ProblemsNowadays，millions of migrant workers flock into cities in search ofjobs and better livingHowever,with the sharp rise in the urban population，many problems arise in the development of citiesFirs
38、tly，cities become more and more crowded，putting much pressure upon transportation，housing，sanitation， education，employment and SO onCity services and facilities have been strained to a breaking pointSecondly，a growing number of private cars emit a huge amount of carbon dioxide，leaving the air mercil
39、essly pollutedWhat is more，the city is also threatened by an increase in crimeThere is not a single day passing without the report of someone being robbed，kidnapped or even murderedLast but not least，citydwellers are not only separated from the nature but also isolated from each other，even not knowi
40、ng the name of their nextdoor neighborAll these problems have harmed the attractiveness of the cityMore and more people may seek to live in the suburbs if there isnt any improvement)解析：二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：4，分数：70.00)PaperMore than Meets the EyeWe are surrounded by so much paper and card that it
41、 is easy to forget just how complex it is. There are many varieties and grades of paper materials, and whilst it is fairly easy to spot the varieties, it is far more difficult to spot the grades.It needs to be understood that most paper and card is manufactured for a specific purpose, so that whilst
42、 the corn-flake packet may look smart, it is clearly not something destined for the archives. It is made to look good, but only needs a limited life span. It is also much cheaper to manufacture than high grade card.Paper can be made from an almost endless variety of cellulose-based material which wi
43、ll include many woods, cottons and grasses or which papyrus is an example and from where we get the word “paper“. Many of these are very specialized, but the preponderance of paper making has been from soft wood and cotton or rags, with the bulk being wood-based. Paper from WoodIn order to make wood
44、 into paper it needs to be broken down into fine strands. Firstly by powerful machinery and then boiled with strong alkalies such as caustic soda, until a fine pulp of cellulose fibers is produced. It is from this pulp that the final product is made, relying on the bonding together of the cellulose
45、into layers. That, in a very small nutshell, is the essence of paper making from wood. However, the reality is rather more complicated. In order to give us our white paper and card, the makers will add bleach and other materials such as china clay and additional chemicals.A further problem with wood
46、 is that it contains a material that is not cellulose. Something called lignin. This is essential for the tree since it holds the cellulose fibres together, but if it is incorporated into the manufactured paper it presents archivists with a problem. Lignin eventually breaks down and releases acid pr
47、oducts into the paper. This will weaken the bond between the cellulose fibers and the paper will become brittle and look rather brown and careworn. We have all seen this in old newspapers and cheap paperback books. It has been estimated that most paper back books will have a life of not greater than
48、 fifty years. Not what we need for our archives.Since the lignin can be removed from the paper pulp during manufacture, the obvious question is “why is it left in the paper?“ The answer lies in the fact that lignin makes up a considerable part of the tree. By leaving the lignin in the pulp a papermaker can increase his paper yield from a tree to some 95%. Removing it means a yield of only 35%. It is clearly uneconomic to remove the lignin for many paper and card applications.It also means, of course, that lignin-free paper
