1、大学英语六级-174 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)三、Passage 1(总题数：1，分数：20.00)If you“re one of those people who tends to put on weight around your middle, what doctors call an “apple shape“what the rest of us call a beer bellyyou“ve probably been told that you“re at higher risk of heart disease. But one large ne
2、w review study suggests you shouldn“t be too 1 after all. It turns out that the apple-shaped among us are not at any higher risk of heart trouble as people with pear shapes or any other kind of fat 2 . In the latest study, researchers at the Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration in the UK reviewed rec
3、ords of more than 220000 participants in 58 different trials that followed 3 for more than 10 years for heart-related events. They found that body shape, or fat distribution, did not seem to affect heart disease risk. In fact, the researchers write in the journal Lancet , various measures of obesity
4、, including body mass index (or BMI, a combined measure of height and weight), waist circumference (周长) and waist-to-hip ratio, all had about the same 4 value in identifying increased risk of a heart attack. What“s more, 5 to the forecasting power of known risk factors such as high cholesterol, high
5、 blood pressure and a history of diabetes, the obesity measures added very little to the 6 of risk assessment. Previous studies had focused not just on overweight, but on the type and 7 of fat deposits as a red flag for heart disease. The thinking was that even without blood tests for cholesterol or
6、 blood pressure, body shape alone could alert doctors and patients to the fact that patients might be at higher risk of heart problems. One headline-grabbing survey reported a three-fold 8 risk in heart disease among those with abdominal fatfolks with apple-shaped bodiesand speculated that visceral
7、(内脏的) fat, which tends to 9 around the middle, is particularly hazardous for the heart, since it nestles deep within organs and can pump out hormones that 10 insulin (胰岛素) sensitivity and promote diabetes. A. accumulate B. accuracy C. alter D. compared E. conflicted F. decreased G. discouraged H. di
8、stinguished I. distribution J. diversion K. elevating L. increased M. location N. predictive O. volunteers（分数：20.00）四、Passage 2(总题数：1，分数：30.00)Boeing“s Labour ProblemsMoving Factories to Flee UnionsA. With corporate offices in Chicago, Boeing employs more than 165000 people across the United States
9、and in 70 countries. The company claims this represents one of the most diverse, talented and innovative workforces anywhere, and, in these workforces, more than 123000 employees hold college degreesincluding nearly 32000 advanced degreesin virtually every business and technical field from approxima
10、tely 2700 colleges and universities worldwide. The enterprise also says it leverages (充分利用) the talents of hundreds of thousands more skilled people working for Boeing suppliers worldwide. Yet with this talented and high-quality labour force, labour-capital issues often occur. B. Boeing decided a fe
11、w years ago to build its 787 Dreamliner in South Carolina, the Wall Street Journal (WSJ) opines (认为), because it was afraid its union in Washington was too strong. South Carolina is a “right-to-work“ state: Title 41, Chapter 7 of the state code makes it illegal for companies and unions to sign a con
12、tract in which anyone who works at the company has to join the union. That makes it extremely difficult to organise effective unions, and Boeing hoped it wouldn“t have as many strikes at a plant in South Carolina as it had experienced at its plants in Seattle in recent years. The unions sued over th
13、e move, and the National Labor Relations Board has now awarded them a preliminary order blocking the factory from operating until an investigation into whether the company“s shift of production to a union-hostile state in order to avoid union activity constituted anti-union animus (敌意). C. To lay th
14、e groundwork here, it“s important to understand what “right-to-work“ means. It doesn“t mean “the government stays out of the labour negotiations business“. Right-to-work laws specifically ban employers and unions from signing contracts stipulating that anyone who works at the company has to join the
15、 union. That“s a basic step that unions always try to negotiate for, since without it they find it very hard to establish themselves as the negotiating partner with management. D. Anyway, here“s the sentence I found most amusing in the WSJ“s editorial: “Boeing management did what it judged to be bes
16、t for its shareholders and customers and looked elsewhere.“ Boeing“s motivation for shifting production to an anti-union state was not to benefit customers. If Boeing felt it could raise prices for the airplanes it builds without losing market share, it would do so in a second, regardless of whether
17、 that was “best for its customers“. Companies try to lower operating costs in order to raise profits or cut prices and win market share, not out of a selfless desire to benefit customers. E. But the more important flaw here is that the reason why Boeing might have judged its decision to move product
18、ion to South Carolina “best for its shareholders“ was that it didn“t think it violated labour law to flee your union. If it did violate labour law, then Boeing made a bad decision and delivered negative value to its shareholders. To put things another way, if America had labour laws that were unifor
19、m from state to state like any other normal economic power, rather than a race-to-the-bottom system where states are pressured to weaken labour laws in order to entice (诱惑) employers, then there would have been no reason for Boeing to move production. There is simply no moral content to Boeing“s dec
20、ision to move production to South Carolina. Boeing doesn“t get brownie points for engaging in regulatory arbitrage (套利) and stiffing its unions just because it judged that move to be best for shareholders. Congratulating Boeing for trying to deliver shareholder value is like congratulating it for bu
21、ilding and selling airplanes. That“s simply what the company does. Boeing“s decision was a judgment about how to play, given its evaluation of the rules of the game. The question of whether companies should be allowed to flee their unions is a question about what the rules of the game ought to be, i
22、n order to deliver value to the economy and to society. F. So, should companies be barred from moving production to a right-to-work state to flee their unions? Niklas Blanchard thinks not. He calls it “protectionism“. “While I don“t begrudge (不乐意给) the right for unions to form and attempt to bargain
23、, I also don“t begrudge the right of management the say, “FU, we“re going somewhere else“. In an ideal world, they would do this free of government playing for either side. But in this case, we have the government contemplating restricting capital flows between states! The United States, as understo
24、od properly, is the largest free trade area in the world. That has been a huge comparative advantage for the US historically, and arguably the reason that we are at the top of the world economic pyramid today. Restricting the flow of capital makes us poorer by reducing productive employment, and inc
25、reasing prices. It“s a very poor precedent to set.“ G. I think this is a confusing analogy. Mr Blanchard may be right that, given that labour and other business laws differ from state to state, the United States might best be understood as the world“s largest free trade area, rather than a single co
26、untry. But does anyone think that the United States would be a dramatically less prosperous country if it had uniform labour and business law throughout its territory? Have right-to-work laws in 22 states made such an immense contribution to American prosperity that without them America would not be
27、 the world“s largest and wealthiest economy? Really? Seriously? Would American technological ingenuity have been crippled if the whole country had to follow the labour laws that obtain in Silicon Valley? H. I don“t think so. I think if there were no right-to-work states, American GDP wouldn“t be sig
28、nificantly different than it is today. And if America did have uniform labour laws, then Boeing“s decision as to whether to produce in Puget Sound or South Carolina would have nothing whatsoever to do with unions. If labour laws in South Carolina and Washington were equivalent, the only thing the wo
29、rkers in Puget Sound would have to worry about is whether their demands would lead the company to lose market share or to move production overseas. The first might be a real worry; the latter is a marginal issue for Boeing workers because the company is a defence industry-supported national champion
30、 firm. I. Now maybe unionised Boeing workers should be more worried about hurting the company“s market share as it competes with the European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company (EADS) and with regional-jet builders like Embraer and Bombardier. It certainly sounds like the company has a strike prob
31、lem. But EADS“s labour force is hardly non-unionised. If Boeing is having more trouble with its unions than its competitors are, it“s possible that the fault lies with the company, rather than with the unions. What“s happening here is that anti-labour laws in certain states allow companies to shift
32、investment to those states in order to get around their unions. And efforts by unions to block that manoeuvre (策略) can then be condemned as “restrictions on capital flow“. The issue isn“t freedom of capital. The issue is whether employers can use a threat to move production to a union-hostile state
33、as a negotiating tactic in collective bargaining.（分数：30.00）(1).The author questions whether right-to-work laws will make a great contribution to American prosperity.（分数：3.00）(2).Anti-labour laws in some states make it possible for companies to shift investment to those states in order to get around
34、their unions.（分数：3.00）(3).According to the Wall Street Journal , Boeing intended to build its 787 Dreamliner in South Carolina because it wanted to avoid the strong union in Washington.（分数：3.00）(4).Boeing judged its decision “best for its shareholders“ because it didn“t think it was against labour l
35、aw to flee the union.（分数：3.00）(5).Companies are not allowed to sign contracts with unions that force all employees to join the union.（分数：3.00）(6).Labour-capital issues often occur in Boeing, though Boeing has the talented labour force.（分数：3.00）(7).The author thinks that American GDP wouldn“t be sign
36、ificantly different if there were no right-to-work states.（分数：3.00）(8).Boeing“s motivation for shifting production is to occupy a bigger market share and raise profits.（分数：3.00）(9).Niklas Blanchard holds the view that restricting the flow of capital is a very poor precedent to set.（分数：3.00）(10).Unli
37、ke any other normal economic power, the United States has a race-to-the-bottom system.（分数：3.00）五、Passage 3(总题数：1，分数：25.00)Most runners, whether they“re training for a marathon or simply out to get some exercise, will stretch before they take off. It“s a ritual that verges on the sacred, strongly con
38、nected to the intuitive sense that priming the muscles is a good way to avoid injuring them during the run to come. But researchers at George Washington University and the USA Track and Field Association (USATF) report that stretching before a run does not appear to reduce injury at all. In fact, am
39、ong the more than 2700 runners in the study, ranging from recreational runners to competitive marathoners, all of whom ran at least 10 miles a week, the scientists found similar injury ratesof about 16%over a three-month period among those who stretched before running and those who did not. The idea
40、 behind stretching is to lengthen the muscle fibers to increase their function and hopefully enhance performance, helping runners maintain a faster pace or run for a longer period of time. A study of British recruits in the military found that a regular stretching routine before training reduced inj
41、ury rates from 6% to 1%. But other recent studies among gymnasts, football players and wrestlers have questioned the practice, suggesting that stretching does not impact performance at all. That“s why Dr. Daniel Pereles, a runner himself, decided to look specifically at the role that stretching migh
42、t play in running injuries. Most studies on the subject, including the British trial in the military, involved stretching routines that included much more than stretching running muscles; they also incorporated calisthenics (健美操) and other exercises. Pereles wanted to know specifically whether stret
43、ching leg musclesthe quadriceps (四头肌), hamstrings (腘绳肌腱) and calf muscleswould have an impact on injuries. Through the USATF, Pereles was able to recruit enough runners of various levels to get an answer to his question. About half of the 2729 volunteers were told to stretch their quads, hams and ca
44、lf muscles for three to five minutes before running for however long they usually exercised. The remaining half were told to run without stretching. While he found that stretching did not have any effect on injury rates among the two groups, he did find several factors that did seem to influence whe
45、ther the runners hurt themselves. Heavier runners, as well as those who had recently suffered an injury, were more likely to harm themselves. Interestingly, Pereles also found that those who switched from a stretch to non-stretch or non-stretch to stretch routine for the study were more likely to ge
46、t injured. Stretchers who were told not to stretch during the three-month study increased their risk of injury by 40%, while those who switched from not stretching to stretching increased their risk by 22%.（分数：25.00）(1).What is commonly done by most runners before their running?（分数：5.00）A.Stretching
47、 their body.B.Doing lots of exercise.C.Strengthening their muscles.D.Running a long distance.(2).According to the report from USATF, runners who stretch before running _.（分数：5.00）A.have higher injury rates than those who don“tB.have lower injury rates than those who don“tC.share similar injury rates
48、 with those who don“tD.tend to reduce injuries after 3 months(3).What can be inferred from the third paragraph?（分数：5.00）A.It is certain that stretching before running is helpful.B.It is regular stretching before running that is effective.C.The result of studies among wrestlers corresponded with that
49、 of the study of British recruits.D.The outcome of the study of British recruits is contrary to that of other recent studies.(4).The specific aim of Dr. Daniel Pereles“ research is to find _.（分数：5.00）A.the impact of stretching leg muscles on injuriesB.the role of the British trial in the militaryC.the role that calf muscles play in runningD.the impact of exercising hamstrings on injuries(5).What is the interesting point of Pereles“ findings?（分数：5.00）A.Injuries possibly occur when people change their stretching habits.B.Stretching does not have any impact on injury rates.C.
