1、大学英语四级 182及答案解析(总分：746.58，做题时间：130 分钟)一、Writing (30 minutes)(总题数：1，分数：30.00)1.For this part, you are allowed to write a composition according to the picture. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline. （分数：30.00）_二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：1，分数：71.00)How
2、Babies Learn Language During the first year of a childs life, parents and careers are concerned with its physical development very carefully. It is interesting just how easily children learn language. Children who are just three or four years old, who cannot yet tie their shoelaces, are able to spea
3、k in full sentences without any specific language training. Language as Instinct? The current view of child language development is that it is an instinctsomething as natural as eating or sleeping. According to experts in this area, this language instinct is innatesomething each of us is born with.
4、But this prevailing view has not always enjoyed widespread acceptance. Learning as Repetition? In the middle of last century, experts of the time, including a renowned professor at Harvard University in the United States, regarded child language development as the process of learning through mere re
5、petition. Language “habits“ developed as young children were they used incorrect forms of language. Over time, a child, according to this theory, would learn language much like a dog might learn to behave properly through training. The Role of Interaction Yet even though the modern view holds that l
6、anguage is instinctive, experts like Assistant Professor Lise Eliot are convinced that the interaction a child has with its parents and caregivers is crucial to its developments. The language of the parents and caregivers is so important that the child will learn to speak in a manner very similar to
7、 the model speakers it hears. Baby Talk Given that the models parents provide are so important, it is interesting to consider the role of “baby talk“ in the childs language development. Baby talk is the language produced by an adult speaker who is trying to exaggerate certain aspects of the language
8、 to capture the attention of a young baby. Dr. Roberta Colinkoff believes that babies benefit from baby talk. Experiment show that immediately after birth habits respond more to infant-directed talk than they do to adult-directed talk. When using baby talk, people exaggerate their facial expressions
9、, which helps the baby to begin to understand what is being communicated. She also notes that the exaggerated nature and repetition of baby talk helps infants to learn the difference between sounds. Since babies have a great deal of information to process, baby talk helps. Although there is concern
10、that baby talk may persist too long, Dr. Golinkoff says that it stops being used as the child gets older, that is, when the child is better able to communicate with the parents. Recognition of Sounds Professor Jusczyk has made a particular study of babies ability to recognize sounds, and says they r
11、ecognize the sound of their own names as early as four and a half months. Babies know the meaning of Mummy and Daddy by about six months, which is earlier than was previously believed. By about nine month, babies begin recognizing frequent patterns in language. A baby will listen longer to the sound
12、s that occur frequently, so it is good to frequently call the infant by its name. An experiment at Johns Hopkins University in USA, in which researchers went to the homes of 16 nine-month-olds, confirms this view. The researchers arranged their visits for ten days out of a two-week period. During ea
13、ch visit the researcher played an audio tape that included the same three stories. The stories include odd words such as “python“ or “hornbill“, words that were unlikely to be encountered in the babies everyday experience. After a couple of weeks during which Nothing was done, the babies were brough
14、t to the research lab, where they listened to two recorded lists of words. The first include words heard in the story. The second included similar words, but not the exact ones that were used in the stories. Jusczyk found the babies listened longer to the words that had appeared in the stories, whic
15、h indicated that the babies had extracted individual words form the story. When a control group of 16 nine-month-olds, who had not heard the stories, listened to the two groups of words, they showed no preference for either list. This does not mean that the babies actually understand the meanings of
16、 the words, just the sound patterns. It supports the idea that people are born to speak, and have the capacity to learn language from the day they are born. This ability is enhanced if they are involved in conversation. And, significantly, Dr. Eliot reminds parents that babies and toddlers need to f
17、eel they are communication. Clearly, interaction with another speaker encourages the baby to use language and speed up their process of learning to talk. （分数：71.00）(1).Children can learn their first language without being taught.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(2).From the time of their birth humans seem to have
18、 an ability to learn language.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(3).According to experts in the 1950s and 1960s, language learning is very similar to the training of animals.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(4).Repetition in language learning is important, according to Dr. Eliot.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(5).Dr. Golinkoff is concerned
19、 that “baby talk“ is spoken too much by some parents.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(6).The first word a child learns to recognize is usually “Mummy“ or “Daddy“.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(7).It is harmful to call the baby by its name.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(8).It is confirmed that children can speak independently at age 1
20、.（分数：7.10）填空项 1:_(9).Babies ability to 1 sound patterns comes earlier than was previously believed.（分数：7.10）填空项 1:_(10).According to Dr. Eliot, babies and toddlers should be involved in 1.（分数：7.10）填空项 1:_三、Listening Comprehens(总题数：1，分数：15.00)A.He is modest.B.He is satisfied.C.He is proud.D.He is ups
21、et.A.Last year.B.Two years ago.C.Three years ago.D.Early last year.A.He has a relative who once lived there.B.He is going to see his aunt there.C.He will visit the city soon.D.He used to have an apartment there.A.An English book.B.A Chinese book.C.A chemistry book.D.A medical book.A.$1.75.B.$2.50.C.
22、$1.50.D.$1.05.A.Its not fine as it is.B.It wont be approved by the supervisor.C.Major revisions are needed in it.D.Only a few changes should be made in it.A.Catch a cold.B.Hurry to get the train.C.Sit next to the train stop.D.Fix his torn sleeve.A.Around 5:00.B.Around 3:00.C.At2:00.D.At 1:00.四、Secti
23、on B(总题数：2，分数：10.00)A.Apartment 20, 16 Rose Lane.B.Apartment 2, 6 Rose Lane.C.Apartment 2, 16 Rose Lane.D.Apartment 2, 60 Rose Lane.A.In June, next year.B.In July, next year.C.In June, two years later.D.In July, two years later.A.The washing machine has been leaking a little and its beginning to get
24、 worse.B.Theres a niggling problem with the cooker.C.The door latch is broken.D.The air conditioner is too noisy.A.In the office.B.In the market place.C.At a bus terminal.D.At a graduation party.A.Overseas sales.B.Local counseling.C.Accounting.D.Teaching.A.Dan.B.Donna.C.Mrs Morton.D.Pete.A.Because m
25、any people lived in poverty.B.Because there were many road accidents.C.Because there was no advanced medicine.D.Because a woman has many children.A.Dangerous diseases.B.Traffic accidents.C.Too many children.D.Few doctors and little medicine.A.At a police station.B.At the doctors office.C.In an opera
26、ting room.D.In a hall.A.Monitor students sleep patterns.B.Help students concentrate in class.C.Record students weekly performance.D.Ask students to complete a sleep report.A.Declining health.B.Lack of attention.C.Loss of motivation.D.Improper behavior.A.They should make sure their children are alway
27、s punctual for school.B.They should ensure their children grow up in a healthy environment.C.They should help their children accomplish high-quality work.D.They should see to it that their children have adequate sleep.A.Everything is OK.B.Things look good.C.Things look as if the work is over.D.No ch
28、ange is in sight.A.Money.B.More lunch time.C.Pensions.D.Salaries.A.Its cheap.B.Its healthy.C.Its faster.D.Its interesting.A.Share cars.B.Nothing.C.Call the city officials.D.Rent buses.六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Russia is the largest economic power that is not a member of the World Trade Organization
29、. But that may change. Last Friday, the Europe Union said it would support Russias (36) 1to become a W.T.O. member. Representatives of the European Union met with Russian (37) 2in Moscow. They signed a trade agreement that took six years to (38) 3. Russia called the trade agreement (39) 4. It agreed
30、 to slowly increase fuel prices within the country. It also agreed to permit (40) 5in its communications industry and to remove some barriers to trade. In (41) 6for European support to join the W.T.O., Russian President Putin said that Russia would speed up the (42) 7to approve the Kyoto Protocol, a
31、n international (43) 8agreement to reduce the production of harmful industrial gases. (44) 9. Russia had signed the Kyoto Protocol, but has not yet approved it. The agreement takes effect when it has been approved by nations that produce at least 55 percent of the worlds greenhouse gases. (45) 10. T
32、he United States, the worlds biggest producer, withdrew from the Kyoto Protocol after President Bush took office in 2001. So, Russias approval is required to put the Kyoto Protocol into effect. (46) 11. Russia must still reach agreements with China, Japan, South Korea and the United States. （分数：10.0
33、0）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_七、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：2，分数：355.00)Its very interesting to note where the debate about diversity (多样化) is taking place. It in taking place primarily in political circles. Here at the College Fund, we have a lot of con
34、tact with top corporate (公司的) leaders; none of them is talking about getting rid of those instruments that produce diversity. In fact, they say that if their companies are to compete in the global village and in the global market place, diversity is an imperative. They also say that the need for tal
35、ented, skilled Americans means we have to expand the pool of potential employees. And in locking at where birth rates are growing and at where the population is shifting, corporate America understands that expanding the pool means promoting policies that help provide skills to more minorities, more
36、women and more immigrants. Corporate leaders know that if that doesnt occur in our society, they will not have the engineers, the scientists, the lawyers, or the business managers they will need. Likewise, I dont hear people in the academy saying. “Lets go backward. Lets go back to the good old days
37、, when we had a meritocracy (不拘一格选人才)“ ( which was never true - we never had a meritocracy, although weve come closer to it in the last 30 years). I recently visited a great little college in New York where the campus has doubled its minority population in the last six years. I talked with an Africa
38、n American who has been a professor there for a long time, and she remembers that when she first joined the community, there were fewer than a handful of minorities on campus. Now, all of us feel the university is better because of the diversity. So where we hear this debate is primarily in politica
39、l circles and in the media-not in corporate board rooms or on college campuses. （分数：177.50）(1).The word “imperative“( Line 4, Para. 1) most probably refers to something _.（分数：35.50）A.superficialB.remarkableC.debatableD.essential(2).Which of the following groups of people still differ in their views
40、on diversity?（分数：35.50）A.Minorities.B.Politicians.C.Professors.D.Managers.(3).High corporate leaders seem to be in favor of promoting diversity so as to_.（分数：35.50）A.lower the rate of unemploymentB.win equal political rights for minoritiesC.be competitive in the world marketD.satisfy the demands of
41、a growing population(4).It can be inferred from the passage that _.（分数：35.50）A.meritocracy can never be realized without diversityB.American political circles will not accept diversityC.it is unlikely that diversity will occur in the U. S. mediaD.minorities can only enter the fields where no debate
42、is heard about diversity(5).According to the passage diversity can be achieved in American society by _.（分数：35.50）A.expanding the pool of potential employeesB.promoting policies that provide skills to employeesC.training more engineers, scientists lawyers and business managersD.providing education f
43、or all regardless of race or sexI am often called in on consulting assignments to help companies improve their new product development practices, to make their development cycles shorter and more responsive to marketplace needs. I frequently find that they do not have a strategic approach to their n
44、ew product development activities. As a result, they suffer from reactive, opportunistic and slow product development. Under these circumstances, a company is unlikely to develop products that address their needs or those of their customers. A strategic approach to product development consists of a
45、number of interrelated elements: Situation Analysis, Strategic Plan, and a Product Development Plan. A situation analysis is a detailed analysis of the companys products and operations, and engineering capabilities, overall cost structures, marketing and distribution, actual vs. perceived quality, t
46、rade relationships, pricing and product mix, corporate philosophy, willingness to take risks, financial resources, quick response capabilities, sourcing, product development practices, competitive advantages, human resources, and proprietary technology. The analysis also examines the current market
47、and products, marketplace trends, the competition, the customers and the end-users. A strategic plan for the business consists of Mission, Objectives and Goals, Strategies and Tactics. A mission statement is a broad, conceptual statement of the purpose of the company. It may include statements about
48、 what its products are, what its business is, who its customers are, what its market niche is, where and how it distributes its products, its relationships with its employees and its financial goals. The missions purpose is to express the companys operative philosophy and corporate identity. Hopefully, it will distinguish the company from its competitors. The mission is neither quantifiable nor measurable. Objectives and goals build on the mission. They provide explicit targets f
