1、大学英语四级分类模拟题 338 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)He Drew like an AngelA. Throughout his life Leonardo da Vinci was troubled by a sense of failure, incompletion and time wasted. His favorite phrase, unconsciously repeated in whole or in part whenever he wrote something
2、to see if a newly cut pen was working, was “Tell me, tell me if anything got finished.“ And indeed very little did. His big projects for sculpture were never completedthe huge clay model for one of them, meant to commemorate his patron Ludovico Sforza, duke of Milan, ended up a shapeless mound, shot
3、 to pieces by occupying French archers. His big wall painting commemorating a Florentine victory, The Battle of Anghiariarson, became a wreck and was painted over. Little survives of his Last Supper in Milan. And so the sad catalog of rain and loss goes on. B. He never found time to edit the fascina
4、ting mass of his writings into books. His engineering and hydraulic projects either failed or were not started. Very few of his machines would have worked either. Probably not even the tanks that he hoped would creep like fatal snails across the battlefields of northern Italy would have harmed anyon
5、e, even assuming that their sweating and straining occupants could have got their wheels to go round at all, which is beyond probability. C. We remember Leonardo as a painter, draftsman, sculptor, architect and scientist. Yet if one is to judge by the self-advertising letter he sent to Sforza in Mil
6、an in 1481, he didn“t estimate his skills that way. Before anything else, he listed his strategic skill: he could design portable bridges, drains, bombard strong holds, design cannons, make fireproof ships, and so on and on. Not until item No. 10, the last on list, did he get around to saying that i
7、n painting too he could “do everything possible as well as any other.“ There may have been a simple reason for this, since being a military engineer was probably more profitable than being a painter, but this image is still vastly unlike the artist we think of today as Leonardo. D. Three things, how
8、ever, can be said without hesitation about Leonardo. The first is that he was not a “Renaissance man“. He did not typify his time. Many artists in the Renaissance worked, as Leonardo did, in a wide variety of media: drawing, painting, sculpture, architecture and so forth. None, however, not even the
9、 great Leon Battista Alberti, had Leonardo“s surprising and unsatisfied curiosity about the makeup and governing laws of the physical world or spent so much time and energy thinking about them. E. The second thing is, obviously, that he could draw like an angel. The idea that he was “the greatest“ I
10、talian draftsman of his time (born in 1452, he died at a considerable age in exile in France in 1519) is essentially meaningless, because the late 15th and early 16th centuries were full of amazing performers on paper. But not even contemporaries like Michelangelo were able to exceed, or regularly r
11、ival, him as a master of the kind of expressive and descriptive line that one sees in such drawings of his as the studies for equestrian sculpture (骑士雕塑) or in his surprising analyses of human bone and muscle structurethough some of them, of course, were artists with very different aims. F. The thir
12、d thing is that Leonardo was one of the least transparent artists and, given the enormous losses and gaps in what we know about him, it is useless to hope that any exhibition could sum him up. He was conflicted, and almost incredibly hard to get at. It is not true, however, that his famous backward
13、writing was an attempt to cover the secrets of his researches from prying eyes. This aspect of the Leonardo “mystery“ is not a mystery at all, because he was left-handed, and it was natural for him to write that way. Still, was there ever an artist who was troubled by destructionand it was a real tr
14、ouble, not just an “as if“ interest? Not until Leonardoand not after him either, one is tempted to add. He thought a lot about chaos and social collapse with great delight: the end of the world was his private horror movie or would have been if the 15th century had had movies. G. Words had no flame
15、for this, so Leonardo had to content himself with his drawings. Throughout the show one sees an absolute mastery of the processes of drawing: the making of marks but also the making of the instruments with which to make them. In the 15th century one did not walk into a shop and buy a pencil. One had
16、 to make the silver-point of charcoal. One had to cut the pen and shape its point. All of this was wound in with the technique of drawing and helped to determine its intensity. That is one of the reasons why small drawings (and most of Leonardo“s drawings were small, in some cases hardly more than t
17、humbnail sketches) can be just like handwriting. H. There are some amazingly ugly subjects, like the imaginary Bust of Grotesque Man in Profile Facing to the Right. Leonardo delighted in these. The pleasure that he took in human ugliness was almost as intense as the delight afforded him by beauty. G
18、ranted, cosmetic considerations were less to the fore in 16th century Europe than they would be four centuries later. Granted, social attitudes toward the repellent aspects of old age were different. And yet it is difficult to look at his numerous drawings of horribly, ugly old peoplewhich would be
19、copied by other artists and would make a final appearance during the Victorian Age in the triumphantly hideous image of the Red Queen in Alice in Wonderlandwithout sensing that Leonardo“s peculiar imagination is at a bit remove from ours. I. He is saying, “Idealize as much as you want, but avoid den
20、ial.“ The necessary other side of the ideal beauty of Leonardo“s Mona Lisa or Cecilia Gallerani was the ugliness of his grotesqueries (怪诞派作品)an ugliness that ends all possibility of desire and has something evil, not just medical, about it. To see his grotesques as the mere play of a mind mixed with
21、 sadism (虐待) is to misunderstand them. They are an essential part of the impulse that turned Leonardo toward an attachment to beauty as a kind of saving principle.（分数：25.00）(1).He has fascinating mass of his writings, but he never edited them into books.（分数：2.50）(2).Human ugliness can bring him as i
22、ntense pleasure as the delight afforded him by beauty.（分数：2.50）(3).Leonardo was not a successful machine inventor.（分数：2.50）(4).Leonardo said he was best at strategic designing, maybe because this is more profitable than painting.（分数：2.50）(5).Nobody had Leonardo“s surprising curiosity about governing
23、 laws of the physical world or spent so much time thinking about them.（分数：2.50）(6).The making of the instruments helps to determine its intensity, and that is one of the reasons small drawing can be just like handwriting.（分数：2.50）(7).The huge clay model was a monument for Leonardo Venci“s patron Lud
24、ovico Sforza.（分数：2.50）(8).Michelangelo was one of the famous artists of Leonardo“s time.（分数：2.50）(9).From Leonardo“s works, one can not only see his pursuit for beauty but also can see the ugliness of his grotesqueries.（分数：2.50）(10).Leonardo“s famous backward writing is not a mystery; it was because
25、 he was left-handed.（分数：2.50）Want to Know Your Disease Risk? Check Your ExposomeA. When it comes to health, which is more important, nature or nurture? You may well think your genes are a more important predictor of health and ill health. Not so fast. In fact, it transpires (得知) that our everyday en
26、vironment outweighs our genetics, when it comes to measuring our risk of disease. The genome (染色体组，基因组) is outwelcome the exposome (环境暴露). B. “The exposome represents everything a person is exposed to in the environment, that“s not in the genes,“ says Stephen Rappaport, environmental health scientis
27、t at the University of California, Berkeley. That includes stress, diet, lifestyle choices, recreational and medicinal drug use and infections, to name a few. “The big difference is that the exposome changes throughout life as our bodies, diets and lifestyles change,“ he says. While our understandin
28、g of the human genome has been growing at an exponential (迅速发展的) rate over the last decade, it is not as helpful as we hoped in predicting diseases. “Genes only contribute 10 percent to the overall disease burden,“ says Rappaport. “Knowing genetic risk factors can prove absolutely futile (无用的),“ say
29、s Jeremy Nicholson at Imperial College London. He points to work by Nina Paynter at the Brigham and Women“s Hospital in Boston, who investigated the effects of 101 genetic markers implicated in heart disease. After following over 19,000 women for 12 years, she found these markers were not able to pr
30、edict anything about the incidence of heart disease in this group. C. On the other hand, the impact of environmental influences is still largely a mystery. “There“s an imbalance between our ability to investigate the genome and the environment,“ says Chris Wild, director of the International Agency
31、for Research on Cancer, who came up with the idea of the exposome. In reality, most diseases are probably caused by a combination of the two, which is where the exposome comes in. “The idea is to have a comprehensive analysis of a person“s full exposure history,“ says Wild. He hopes a better underst
32、anding of exposures will shed a brighter light on disease risk factors. D. There are likely to be critical periods of exposure in development. For example, the time from birth to 3 years of age is thought to be particularly important. “We know that this is the time when brain connections are made, a
33、nd that if you are obese (过度肥胖的) by this age, you“ll have problems as an adult,“ says Nicholson. In theory, a blood or urine sample taken from an individual could provide a snapshot of what that person has been exposed to. But how do you work out what fingerprints chemicals might leave in the body?
34、The task is not as formidable (艰难的) as it sounds. For a start, researchers could make use of swatches (样本) of bio-bank information that has already been collected. “There has been a huge international funding effort in adult cohorts (一群) like the UK Bio-bank already,“ says Wild. “If we improved anal
35、ysis, we could apply it to these groups.“ E. Several teams are also working towards developing wearable devices to measure personal exposure to chemicals in the environment. “We can put chemicals in categories,“ says Rappaport. “We could start by prioritizing toxic chemicals, and look for markers of
36、 these toxins in the blood, while hormones and metals can be measured directly.“ Rappaport is looking at albumin (白蛋白), a common protein in the blood that transports toxins to the liver where they are processed and broken down. He wants to know how it reacts with a range of chemicals, and is measuri
37、ng the products. “You can get a fingerprint a display of all the products an individual has been exposed to.“ F. By combining this information with an enhanced understanding of how exposure affects health, the exposome could help better predict a person“s true disease risk. And we shouldn“t have to
38、wait longRappaport reckons we can reap the benefits within a generation. To this end, the US National Institutes of Health has set up an exposure biology program. “We“re looking for interactions between genes and exposure to work out an individual“s risk of disease,“ says David Balshaw, who manages
39、the program. “It would allow you to tailor (使合适) the therapeutic response to that person“s risk.“ An understanding of this interaction, reflected in a person“s metabolic (新陈代谢的) profiles (数据图表), might also help predict how they will respond to a drug. Nicholson has been looking for clues in metaboli
40、te profiles of urine samples. G. Last year, his research group used these profiles to predict how individuals would metabolise paracetamol (扑热息痛). “It turned out that gut (肠子) microbes (微生物) were very important,“ says Nicholson. “We“ve shown that the pre-dose urinary metabolite profile could predict
41、 the metabolism of painkilling drugs, and therefore predict drug toxicity.“ The findings suggest that metabolic profiles of exposure could help doctors tailor therapies and enable them to prescribe personalized medicines. Justin Stebbing at Imperial College London has already shown that metabolic pr
42、ofiles of women with breast cancer can predict who will respond to certain therapies. It is early days, but the initial findings look promising. “We“re reaching the point where we“re capable of assessing the exposome,“ says Balshaw. With the implications for understanding disease causes and risks, a
43、nd a real prospect of developing personalized medicine, the exposome is showing more promise than the genome already, he adds. H. How does air pollution or stress leave a trace in the blood? The US National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, is trying to find out. One group funded by the NI
44、H and led by Nongjian Tao at Arizona State University“s Biodesign Institute in Tempre is developing wearable wireless sensors to monitor an individual“s exposure to environmental pollutants. Tao“s team started by creating software for Windows phones (视窗话筒), but they are working on apps (应用程序) that c
45、ould be used on any smart phone. In theory, anyone could pop on (戴) a sensor and download an app to receive real-time information on exposure to environmental pollutants. At the same time, smart phones monitoring your location can combine the level of pollution with an exact time and place. Tao pres
46、ented his sensor at the Circuits and Systems for Medical and Environmental Applications Workshop in Yucatan Mexico last week. I. “We“re now moving prototypes (原型，样品) into human studies, and progressing those prototypes into products,“ says David Balshaw of the NIH. Earlier this year, Tao“s group tri
47、ed out the sensor on individuals taking a stroll around Los Angeles, California. They were able to measure how exposure to pollutants changed as each person wandered near busy roads and petrol stations.（分数：25.00）(1).Theoretically speaking, we can know what one has been exposed to from his blood samp
48、les.（分数：2.50）(2).Chris Wild put forward the conception of exposome.（分数：2.50）(3).Rappaport has confidence in the realization of exposome“s helping better predict people“s true disease risk.（分数：2.50）(4).Jeremy Nicholson said, knowing genetic risk factors of health turned out to be completely useless.（
49、分数：2.50）(5).When measuring the risk of disease, one should consider the influence of exposome first.（分数：2.50）(6).The albumin in our blood plays the role of conveying toxins to the liver.（分数：2.50）(7).The metabolic profiles of individuals can reflect the interaction between genes and exposure.（分数：2.50）(8).According to the findings of Nicholson“s research group, doctors can give a prescription of personalized medicines with the help of metabolic profiles of exposure.（分数：2.50）(9).Nicholson says that one“s period from birth to the age of three is a period that forms his brain connections.
