1、托福-41 及答案解析(总分：136.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BREADING/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、BPart 1/B(总题数：1，分数：7.00)THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD1 Slavery was legal for over 200 years in some parts of North America, particularly the southern states of the United States, where the plantation system of agriculture depended on the labor
2、 of slaves, most of whom came from Africa. Slaves had no rights or freedoms because they were thought of as property. From the time of its origin, slavery had opponents. The abolitionist movement began in the 1600s when the Quakers in Pennsylvania objected to slavery on moral grounds and wanted to U
3、abolish/U the institution.2 In 1793, Canada passed a law abolishing slavery and declared that any escaped slaves who came to Canada would be free citizens. Slavery was already illegal in most northern states; however, slaves captured there by slave hunters could be returned to slavery in the South.
4、Canada refused to return runaway slaves or to allow American slave hunters into the country. It is estimated that more than 30,000 runaway slaves immigrated to Canada and settled in the Great Lakes region between 1830 and 1865.3 The American antislavery movement was at the height of its activity dur
5、ing the 1800s, when abolitionists developed the Underground Railroad, a loosely organized system whereby runaway slaves were passed from safe house to safe house as they fled northwards to free states or Canada. The term was first used in the 1830s and came from an Ohio clergyman who said, “They who
6、 took passage on it disappeared from public view as if they had really gone to ground.“ UBecause the Underground Railroad was so secret, few records exist that would reveal the true number of people who traveled it to freedom./U The most active routes on the railroad were in Ohio, Indiana, and weste
7、rn Pennsylvania.4 Runaway slaves usually traveled alone or in small groups. Most were young men between the ages of 16 and 35. The Ufugitives/U hid in wagons under loads of hay or potatoes, or in furniture and boxes in steamers and on rafts. They traveled on foot through swamps and woods, moving onl
8、y a few miles each night, using the North Star as a compass. Sometimes they moved in broad daylight. Boys disguised themselves as girls, and girls dressed as boys. In one welt-known incident, twenty-eight slaves escaped by walking in a funeral procession from Kentucky to Ohio.5 The “railroad“ develo
9、ped its own language. The “trains“ were the large farm wagons that could conceal and carry a number of people. The “tracks“ were the backcountry roads that were used to Uelude/U the slave hunters. The “stations“ were the homes and hiding places where the slaves were fed and cared for as they moved n
10、orth. The “agents“ were the people who planned the escape routes. The “conductors“ were the fearless men and women who led the slaves toward freedom. The “passengers“ were the slaves who dared to run away and Ubreak for/U liberty. Passengers paid no fare and conductors received no pay.6 The most dar
11、ing conductor was Harriet Tubman, a former slave who dedicated her life to helping other runaways. Tubman made 19 trips into the South to guide 300 relatives, friends, and strangers to freedom. UShe was wanted dead or alive in the South/U, but she was never captured and never lost a passenger. A det
12、ermined worker, she carried a gun for protection and a supply of drugs to quiet the crying babies in her rescue parties.7 A number of white people joined the effort, including Indiana banker Levi Coffin and his wife Catherine, who hid runaways in their home, a “station“ conveniently located on three
13、 main escape routes to Canada. People could be hidden there for several weeks, recovering their strength and waiting until it was safe to continue on their journey. Levi Coffin was called the “president of the Underground Railroad“ because he helped as many as 3,000 slaves to escape.The people who w
14、orked on the railroad were breaking the law. Although the escape network was never as successful or as well organized as Southerners thought, the few thousand slaves who made their way to freedom in this way each year had a symbolic significance out of proportion to their actual numbers. The Undergr
15、ound Railroad continued operating until slavery in the United States was finally abolished in 1865.（分数：7.00）(1).The word Uabolish/U in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to A. defend B. end C. legalize D. expand（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).Why did thousands of runaway slaves immigrate to Canada? A. They pref
16、erred the climate of the Great Lakes region. B. Working conditions for slaves were better in Canada. C. Canada had no laws restricting immigration. D. Former slaves could live as free citizens in Canada.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlig
17、hted sentence in paragraph 3? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. A. The Underground Railroad kept secret records in which all of the passengers and trips were documented. B. Few people understood why the Underground Railroad would not reveal ho
18、w many people chose to travel in this way. C. The Underground Railroads records were not accurate, so the true number of travelers is difficult to estimate. D. We do not know exactly how many slaves escaped on the Underground Railroad because it was a secret organization.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).The wor
19、d fugitives in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to A. leaders B. old men C. runaways D. brave ones（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).All of the following are mentioned as methods of escape on the Underground Railroad EXCEPT A. hiding in a hay wagon B. wearing a disguise C. riding in a railcar D. walking in a pro
20、cession（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).The author discusses the language of the Underground Railroad in paragraph 5 in order to A. trace the history of American English words B. illustrate the secret nature of the escape network C. point out that some words have more than one meaning D. compare the Underground
21、 Railroad to other railways（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).The word elude in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to A. avoid B. follow C. find D. assist（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).The phrase break for in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to A. hide from B. support C. escape to D. ignore（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).Which of the
22、 following statements is true about passengers on the Underground Railroad? A. Their destination was in the northern states or Canada. B. They were not allowed to make stops during the journey. C. Their babies were disguised to look like baggage. D. They paid the conductors at the end of the journey
23、.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).In stating that UShe was wanted dead or alive in the South/U in paragraph 6, the author means that Harriet Tubman A. was responsible for the deaths of several passengers B. refused to return the runaway slaves that she captured C. was sought by the authorities for helping esca
24、ped slaves D. was an outlaw who carried a gun and sold drugs（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).The author points out that workers on the Underground Railroad A. became wealthy from the fees that they charged B. could have been arrested as criminals C. never knew whether their passengers arrived D. developed a hi
25、ghly organized network（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).It can be inferred from paragraph 8 that the author most likely believes which of the following about the Underground Railroad? A. The people who worked on the railroad should have been arrested. B. The railroad was unsuccessful because it could not help e
26、very slave. C. Southerners did not know about the railroad until after it closed. D. The railroad represented a psychological victory for abolitionists.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).Look at the four squares, , , , and , which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would t
27、he sentence best fit?Women and children also escaped, but they were more easily captured.Runaway slaves usually traveled alone or in small groups. Most were young men between the ages of 16 and 35. The fugitives hid in wagons under loads of hay or potatoes, or in furniture and boxes in steamers and
28、on rafts. They traveled on foot through swamps and woods, moving only a few miles each night, using the North Star as a compass. Sometimes they moved in broad daylight. Boys disguised themselves as girls, and girls dressed as boys. In one well-known incident, twenty-eight slaves escaped by walking i
29、n a funeral procession from Kentucky to Ohio. （分数：0.50）填空项 1:_(14).An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summa
30、ry because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.E.F.三、BPart 2/B(总题数：2，分数：13.00)TORNADO FORMATION1 Tornadoes are one of the most violent of all weather systems. A tornado can produce tremendous des
31、tructive power in a restricted area as it passes by, sweeping the ground clear of all movable objects. Fortunately, tornadoes are short-lived and often strike sparsely populated regions. Occasionally, however, a major tornado outbreak causes incredible devastation. A tornados powerful blasts of wind
32、 put all human life in jeopardy, sending debris flying and lifting buildings from their foundations.2 The formation of tornadoes has been the subject of increasingly fruitful research. UNevertheless, some mystery still surrounds tornadoes, and their formation cannot be predicted with absolute accura
33、cy, even when conditions for their occurrence seem just right./U Most tornadoes are created by, and travel with, intense thunderstorm cells. Because tornadoes require moist air, they favor the warmest part of the day, when solar heating and thunderstorm development are at their maximum.3 Probably th
34、e most striking characteristic of a tornado is its spinning funnel cloud, a lowering of cloud base into a column that narrows as it reaches down to the ground from a parent cloud that is part of an active thunderstorm. The funnel cloud forms in response to the steep air pressure directed from the st
35、orms outer edge toward its center. Humid air expands and cools as it is drawn inward toward the center of the system. The cooling of air below its dewpoint causes water vapor to condense into cloud droplets.4 The actual tornadic circulation covers a much wider area than the funnel cloud suggests. Th
36、e funnel may range in diameter from a few meters to 3.2 kilometers (2 miles). However, the diameter of a funnel cloud is typically only about one-tenth that of the associated tornadic circulation. Several funnels may develop in a Umature/U tornado system, with small vortexes continually forming and
37、then disappearing while Uwhirling/U around the central core of the main tornado. The funnels may be made visible by the presence of dust and debris. A funnel can assume a variety of forms, from a thin, writhing, ropelike pendant of grayish white to a thick mass of menacing black.5 The central United
38、 States is one of only a few places in the world where the spring weather conditions and flat terrain are ideal for tornado development. Although tornadoes have been reported in all 50 states and throughout southern Canada, most occur in “tornado alley,“ a level corridor that stretches from eastern
39、Texas northward through the open plains of Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska.6 Almost three-quarters of the tornadoes in North America occur from March to July. The months of peak Utornado activity/U are April (13%), May (12%), and June (21%). During that time of year, weather conditions are optimal fo
40、r causing the severe thunderstorms that produce tornadoes. One contributing factor is the relative instability of the lower atmosphere. During the transition from winter to summer, days lengthen, thereby warming the ground. Heat is transferred from the ground into the troposphere, but it takes time
41、for the entire troposphere to adjust to receiving heat from below. The upper troposphere, in fact, usually retains its winter cold into the spring months. The result is an imbalance of cold air and warm ground that favors the development of rotating thunderstorms known as supercells.7 In the Norther
42、n Hemisphere, tornadoes almost always spin counterclockwise. Around 87 percent of all tornadoes and their parent cells travel from southwest to northeast, but any direction is possible. Tornado trajectories are often irregular, with many tornadoes exhibiting a Uhopscotch/U pattern of destruction as
43、they alternately touch down and lift off the ground. Some have been known to move in Ucircles/U and even to describe Ufigure eights/U. Tornadoes may track along paths from several meters to more than 320 kilometers (200 miles) long. Average forward speed is around 48 kilometers (30 miles) per hour,
44、although there are reports of tornadoes racing along at speeds approaching 120 kilometers (75 miles) per hour. During part of its course, the great Tri-State Tornado on March 18, 1925, moved at the astonishing rate of 117 kilometers (73 miles) per hour, killing 695 people in Missouri, Illinois, and
45、Indiana, and making it one of the most deadly tomadoes on record.（分数：6.50）(1).According to the passage, tornadoes are one of the most violent weather systems because they A. frequently occur with very little warning B. cause tremendous damage in a short time C. move very quickly and change direction
46、 D. kill more people than any other weather system（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).The word Ujeopardy/U in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to A. motion B. shock C. confusion D. danger（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 2?
47、Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. A. Some tornadoes are mysterious because they develop when the wrong conditions are present. B. Tornadoes are difficult to predict accurately because they can occur for different reasons at different times. C.
48、 Despite the presence of the right conditions, we cannot predict with certainty the formation of every tornado. D. We will never be able to predict tornadoes until we understand the mystery of what causes them.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).Tornado formation is usually associated with A. heavy rainfall B. thunderstorms C. cold air currents D. solar flares（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).The word Umature/U in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to A. cooling B. harmless C. large D. dying（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).The word Uwhirling/U in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to A. falling B. spinning
