1、托福-46 及答案解析(总分：120.02，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BREADING/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions. Give yourself 20 minutes to complete this practice set.POPULATION AND CLIMATEThe human population on Earth has grown to the point that it is having an effect on Earths atmosphere and
2、ecosystems. Burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, urbanization, cultivation of rice and cattle, and the manufacture of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) for propellants and refrigerants are increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, dust, and CFCs in the atm
3、osphere. About 70 percent of the Suns energy passes through the atmosphere and strikes Earths surface. This radiation heats the surface of the land and ocean, and these surfaces then reradiate infrared radiation back into space. This allows Earth to avoid heating up too much. However, not all of the
4、 infrared radiation makes it into space; some is absorbed by gases in the atmosphere and is reradiated back to Earths surface. A greenhouse gas is one that absorbs infrared radiation and then reradiates some of this radiation back to Earth. Carbon dioxide, CFCs, methane, and nitrogen oxides are gree
5、nhouse gases. The natural greenhouse effect of our atmosphere is well established. In fact, without greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, scientists calculate that Earth would be about 33 cooler than it currently is.The current concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is about 360 parts per m
6、illion. Human activities are having a major influence on atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, which are rising so fast that current predictions are that atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide will double in the next 50 to 100 years. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) re
7、port in 1992, which represents a consensus of most atmospheric scientists, predicts that a doubling of carbon dioxide concentration would raise global temperatures anywhere between 1.4 and 4.5. The IPCC report issued in 2001 raised the temperature prediction almost twofold. The suggested rise in tem
8、perature is greater than the changes that occurred in the past between ice ages. The increase in temperatures would not be uniform, with the smallest changes at the equator and changes two or three times as great at the poles. The local effects of these global changes are difficult to predict, but i
9、t is generally agreed that they may include alterations in ocean currents, increased winter flooding in some areas of the Northern Hemisphere, a higher incidence of summer drought in some areas, and rising sea levels, which may flood low-lying countries.Scientists are actively investigating the feed
10、back mechanism within the physical, chemical, and biological components of Earths climate system in order to make accurate predictions of the effects the rise in greenhouse gases will have on future global climates. Global circulation models are important tools in this process. These models incorpor
11、ate current knowledge on atmospheric circulation patterns, ocean currents, the effect of landmasses, and the like to predict climate under changed conditions. There are several models, and all show agreement on a global scale. For example, all models show substantial changes in climate when carbon d
12、ioxide concentration is doubled. However, there are significant differences in the regional climates predicted by different models. Most models project greater temperature increases in mid-latitude regions and in mid-continental regions relative to the global average. Additionally, changes in precip
13、itation patterns are predicted, with decreases in mid-latitude regions and increased rainfall in some tropical areas. Finally, most models predict that there will be increased occurrences of extreme events, such as extended periods without rain (drought), extreme heat waves, greater seasonal variati
14、on in temperatures, and increases in the frequency and magnitude of severe storms. Plants and animals have strong responses to virtually every aspect of these projected global changes.The challenge of predicting organismal responses to global climate change is difficult. Partly, this is due to the f
15、act that there are more studies of short-term, individual organism responses than there are of long-term, systemwide studies. It is extremely difficult, both monetarily and physically, for scientists to conduct field studies at spatial and temporal scales that are large enough to include all the com
16、ponents of real-world systems, especially ecosystems with large, freely ranging organisms. One way paleobiologists try to get around this limitation is to attempt to reconstruct past climates by examining fossil life.The relative roles that abiotic and biotic factors play in the distribution of orga
17、nisms is especially important now, when the world is confronted with the consequences of a growing human population. Changes in climate, land use, and habitat destruction are currently causing dramatic decreases in biodiversity throughout the world. An understanding of climate-organism relationships
18、 is essential to efforts to preserve and manage Earths biodiversity.（分数：7.00）(1).The phrase “makes it“ in the passage is closest in meaning to A. is reflected B. collects C. arrives D. blends（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that one positive aspect of greenhouse gases is that
19、 they A. absorb 70 percent of the Suns energy B. can be rapidly replenished in the atmosphere C. remove pollutants from ecosystems D. help keep Earth warm（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).According to paragraph 2, what can be said about the effects of global changes? A. The local plants and animals will be perma
20、nently damaged. B. It is hard to know exactly what form the local effects will take. C. Seawater levels will fall around the world. D. The effects will not occur in some regions of the world.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted
21、 sentence in paragraph 2? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. A. The rapid rise of carbon dioxide concentrations can be attributed largely to the actions of humans. B. Predictions about atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide indicate that
22、the influence of human activities will double soon. C. In the next 50 to 100 years, human activities will no longer have an influence on atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. D. Human activities can influence current predictions about atmospheric conditions.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).The word “consen
23、sus“ in the passage is closest in meaning to A. publication B. debate C. collection D. agreement（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).The phrase “this process“ refers to A. the interaction between physical and biological components of Earths climate system B. the increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere C. pre
24、dicting future global climate D. global circulation models（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).According to paragraph 3, rainfall amounts are predicted to decrease in what parts of the world? A. In mid-latitude regions B. In tropical areas C. In mid-continental regions D. At the poles（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).The word “
25、incorporate“ in the passage is closest in meaning to A. describe B. include C. expand D. present（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).The word “virtually“ in the passage is closest in meaning to A. nearly B. presumably C. usually D. visually（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).According to paragraph 3, climate models predict that
26、all of the following events will occur with the increase in greenhouse gases EXCEPT A. greater seasonal temperature changes B. prolonged heat waves C. increased diversity of plants and animals D. longer dry periods（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).The authors main purpose in paragraph 5 is to A. explain the pro
27、cess of studying organism responses to climate change B. stress the importance of learning how climate affects plants and animals C. illustrate an important point about factors affecting biodiversity D. examine current research practices on the distribution of organisms on Earth（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12)
28、.Look at the terms “greenhouse gas,“ “atmospheric circulation patterns,“ “global scale,“ and “biotic factors.“ Which of these terms is defined in the passage? A. Greenhouse gas B. Atmospheric circulation patterns C. Global scale D. Biotic factors（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).Look at the four squares that in
29、dicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.Much of this work depends on the assumption that life forms adapted to a particular climate in the present were adapted to the same type of climate in the past.Where would the sentence best fit? A. The challenge of predicting organismal
30、 responses to global climate change is difficult. Much of this work depends on the assumption that life forms adapted to a particular climate in the present were adapted to the same type of climate in the past. Partly, this is due to the fact that there are more studies of short-term, individual org
31、anism responses than there are of long-term, systemwide studies. It is extremely difficult, both monetarily and physically, for scientists to conduct field studies at spatial and temporal scales that are large enough to include all the components of real-world systems, especially ecosystems with lar
32、ge, freely ranging organisms. One way paleobiologists try to get around this limitation is to attempt to reconstruct past climates by examining fossil life. B. The challenge of predicting organismal responses to global climate change is difficult. Partly, this is due to the fact that there are more
33、studies of short-term, individual organism responses than there are of long-term, systemwide studies. Much of this work depends on the assumption that life forms adapted to a particular climate in the present were adapted to the same type of climate in the past. It is extremely difficult, both monet
34、arily and physically, for scientists to conduct field studies at spatial and temporal scales that are large enough to include all the components of real-world systems, especially ecosystems with large, freely ranging organisms. One way paleobiologists try to get around this limitation is to attempt
35、to reconstruct past climates by examining fossil life. C. The challenge of predicting organismal responses to global climate change is difficult. Partly, this is due to the fact that there are more studies of short-term, individual organism responses than there are of long-term, systemwide studies.
36、It is extremely difficult, both monetarily and physically, for scientists to conduct field studies at spatial and temporal scales that are large enough to include all the components of real-world systems, especially ecosystems with large, freely ranging organisms. Much of this work depends on the as
37、sumption that life forms adapted to a particular climate in the present were adapted to the same type of climate in the past. One way paleobiologists try to get around this limitation is to attempt to reconstruct past climates by examining fossil life. D. The challenge of predicting organismal respo
38、nses to global climate change is difficult. Partly, this is due to the fact that there are more studies of short-term, individual organism responses than there are of long-term, systemwide studies. It is extremely difficult, both monetarily and physically, for scientists to conduct field studies at
39、spatial and temporal scales that are large enough to include all the components of real-world systems, especially ecosystems with large, freely ranging organisms. One way paleobiologists try to get around this limitation is to attempt to reconstruct past climates by examining fossil life. Much of th
40、is work depends on the assumption that life forms adapted to a particular climate in the present were adapted to the same type of climate in the past.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the
41、 THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.Write your answer choices in the spaces where they belong. You can either write t
42、he letter of your answer choice or you can copy the sentence.Human population on Earth is affecting both the atmosphere and the ecosystems._Answer ChoicesA. The survival of organisms on Earth is directly related to the amount of fossil fuels that are consumed.B. Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrat
43、ions are rising quickly.C. Scientists are working on ways to make precise forecasts of how the increase of greenhouse gases will affect Earth.D. Scientists predict that temperature changes would be greater at the poles than at the equator.E. Global circulation models can be used to measure the conce
44、ntrations of chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere.F. The ability to make accurate predictions about global climate presents several difficulties.（分数：0.50）填空项 1:_Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions. Give yourself 20 minutes to complete this practice set.EUROPE IN THE TWELFTH CENT
45、URYEurope in the eleventh century underwent enormous social, technological, and economic changes, but this did not create a new Europeit created two new ones. The north was developed as a rigidly hierarchical society in which status was determined, or was at least indicated, by the extent to which o
46、ne owned, controlled, or labored on land; whereas the Mediterranean south developed a more fluid, and therefore more chaotic, world in which industry and commerce predominated and social status both reflected and resulted from the role that one played in the public life of the community. In other wo
47、rds, individual identity and social community in the north were established on a personal basis, whereas in the south they were established on a civic basis. By the start of the twelfth century, northern and southern Europe were very different places indeed, and the Europeans themselves noticed it a
48、nd commented on it.Political dominance belonged to the north. Germany, France, and England had large populations and large armies that made them, in the political and military senses, the masters of western Europe. Organized by the practices known collectively as feudalism, these kingdoms emerged as
49、 powerful states with sophisticated machineries of government. Their kings and queens were the leading figures of the age; their castles and cathedrals stood majestically on the landscape as symbols of their might; their armies both energized and defined the age. Moreover, feudal society showed a remarkable ability to adapt to new needs by encouraging the parallel development of domestic urban life and comm
