1、托福-31 及答案解析(总分：120.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BSPEAKING/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、BSpeaking Questi(总题数：1，分数：20.00)1.Please listen carefully.（分数：20.00）_三、BSpeaking Questi(总题数：1，分数：20.00)2.Listen for a question that asks your opinion about a familiar topic.（分数：20.00）_四、BSpeaking Questi(总题数：1，分数：20.00)3.Please listen car
2、efully.（分数：20.00）_五、BSpeaking Questi(总题数：1，分数：20.00)4.Read a short passage and listen to part of a lecture on the same topic.Now listen to part of a lecture in an anthropology class. The professor is talking about Aboriginal People.（分数：20.00）_六、BSpeaking Questi(总题数：1，分数：20.00)5.Please listen careful
3、ly.（分数：20.00）_七、BSpeaking Questi(总题数：1，分数：20.00)6.Now listen to part of a lecture in a psychology class. The professor is discussing the Skinner Box.（分数：20.00）_托福-31 答案解析(总分：120.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BSPEAKING/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、BSpeaking Questi(总题数：1，分数：20.00)1.Please listen carefully.（分数：20.00）_正确答案：(My
4、high school graduation is the most memorable event in my life because it was such a special day. During our graduation we were each called up one at a time to the stage. We each received our diploma and everyone applauded our hard work. I even received an award for being the best math student. There
5、 was a get-together afterwards which was attended by all my friends and family. It was a memorable event because on this day I ended one part of my life and embarked on the beginning of my future.)解析：三、BSpeaking Questi(总题数：1，分数：20.00)2.Listen for a question that asks your opinion about a familiar to
6、pic.（分数：20.00）_正确答案：(Prefer to write a paper instead of taking a test because I know exactly what the topic when Im researching a paper, but there are a large number of possibilities for questions on a test and that makes it much more difficult to prepare for. Besides, in my experience, some teacher
7、s arent very straight forward about their tests, and even though Ive studied and understand the subject, well, sometimes the questions that you would expect to see arent on the test and some obscure information is tested instead. But probably the most important reason for my preference is that I get
8、 very nervous when Im taking a test, and that can affect my performance. Writing a paper doesnt cause me the same level of anxiety.)解析：四、BSpeaking Questi(总题数：1，分数：20.00)3.Please listen carefully.（分数：20.00）_正确答案：(The man disagrees with the idea about altering the bus route. He gives several reasons w
9、hy he thinks the city bus plan has problems. First of all, he mentions that the city buses are very loud and cause a lot of pollution because they arent properly maintained. He says that the new bus route will make the area around the dorms noisy and dirty, so he doesnt like that. Also, he suggests
10、that its a waste of money for students to catch the bus downtown. Even though students get discounted bus fares, he thinks its better just to walk anyway. Overall, he doesnt even really see any benefit in changing the bus route.)解析：听力原文 W: A bus from campus to downtown? What a good ideal Thereve bee
11、n so many times when I wanted to go to see a movie but I had no way of getting there. Having a bus come through campus will be great. M: Well.Im not so sure. That bus is gonna come right by our dorm, and.have you ever heard those city buses? Theyre not maintained very well and theyre really loud. No
12、t to mention the pollution they give off. W: No. Actually, I dont know anything about the city buses. If they do make a lot of noise, it could disturb everyone here in our dorm. But maybe its worth it for the convenience. And itll be cheap, too, because we get that discount. M: Still, though, the ch
13、eapest way to get downtown is just to walk. Its a little far, but I do it all the time. I probably wont even use the bus. W: Thats true, I guess. Even the discounted fare might add up to a lot if you take the bus all the time.五、BSpeaking Questi(总题数：1，分数：20.00)4.Read a short passage and listen to par
14、t of a lecture on the same topic.Now listen to part of a lecture in an anthropology class. The professor is talking about Aboriginal People.（分数：20.00）_正确答案：(The Aboriginal People are culturally and linguistically diverse, in part because the geography dictated both limitations and opportunities for
15、their communities. So the establishment of identity as a member of the Aboriginal People because of appearance, language, culture, or geographical location is not considered accurate. The Department of Education suggests that the best means of identification is to be recognized and accepted by other
16、 members of the Aboriginal society. Um, according to the lecturer, even diverse groups have certain unifying beliefs that are passed down as oral tradition, called the “Dreaming.“ The stories associated with this tradition are used to teach ethical principles and spiritual lessons. It would probably
17、 be through knowledge of this shared oral history that Aborigines would identify each other.)解析：听力原文 According to your textbook, the Aboriginal People are very diverse, and, I would agree with that; however, there are certain beliefs that unite the groups, and in fact, allow them to identify themsel
18、ves and others as members of the diverse Aboriginal societies. For one thing, unlike the anthropologists who believe that tribes arrived in eastern Australia from Tasmania about 40,000 years ago, the Aboriginal People believe that they have always been in Australia, and that they have sprung from th
19、e land. Evidence for this resides in the oral history that has been recorded in stories and passed down for at least fifty generations. This history is referred to as the “Dreaming“. The stories teach moral and spiritual values and provide each member of the group with an identity that reflects the
20、landscape where the persons mother first becomes aware of the unborn baby, or to put it in terms of the “Dreaming“, where the spirit enters the mothers body. So, I am saying that the way that the Aboriginal People identify themselves and each other, even across groups, is by their membership in the
21、oral history that they share.六、BSpeaking Questi(总题数：1，分数：20.00)5.Please listen carefully.（分数：20.00）_正确答案：(The woman is complaining about her history paper. She needs to finish it in a couple of days, but shes lent her research materials to a friend, and he has gone to Vermont to see his parents. The
22、 man advises her either to travel and meet her friend, or to go and see her professor to replace the materials. I think she should go for the second option. That seems like a more appropriate solution because its far more convenient. It would take hours to travel up and meet her friend in or near Ve
23、rmont, and she might not have time to finish her paper. Going to see her professor is far quicker and easier. Even though it might be uncomfortable for her, she should definitely do that.)解析：听力原文 M: Gina, hows your European history paper going.? W: You wont believe whats happened. I lent my copy of
24、the research materials to Daniel. You know, my friend from the class? M: Yeah, I think I met him once. W: Well, now Daniels gone to stay with his parents in Vermont for the weekend! M: What, and hes taken the materials with him? What are you gonna do? W: I dont know! Im starting to panic. The papers
25、 due on Monday morning. M: Well, is there any way you could go up to Vermont to collect the papers? Like, perhaps you could meet Daniel halfway there. W: I guess thats possible. But neither of us has a car, so its going to be hard to coordinate. Besides, their house is 5 hours from here, so even if
26、we met halfway, Id still be traveling for ages. M: Yeah, that sounds really inconvenient. In that case, why dont you ask your professor for a new copy of the materials? W: I dont want to make him mad. Weve had two months to write this paper. It doesnt look good if I ask him for a copy of the researc
27、h materials two days out from the due date. M: I guess not, but its far easier than traveling halfway to Vermont. W: Yeah, thats true.七、BSpeaking Questi(总题数：1，分数：20.00)6.Now listen to part of a lecture in a psychology class. The professor is discussing the Skinner Box.（分数：20.00）_正确答案：(A Skinner Box
28、is a small box thats empty except for a cup and a bar. When the bar over the cup is depressed, a food pellet drops into the cup. An animal thats placed in a Skinner Box will explore the environment for food, and at some point, will accidentally hit the bar, releasing the pellet. So.after the animal
29、hits the bar about three or four times and its rewarded with food, then it learns how to find food, using the bar, and it begins to hit the bar on purpose. The Skinner Box, or something like it, its commonly used in psychology experiments that involve behavior modification. By presenting a subject w
30、ith the opportunity for a reward, the behavior that produces the reward is reinforced. In the case of the classic experiment, the subjects opportunity for a reward is a food pellet, and the behavior thats reinforced is pressing the bar, but many types of rewards and behaviors have been used.)解析：听力原文
31、 There have been several references to the Skinner Box in your textbook because a lot of behavioral modification experiments still use similar devices, even today, so lets just take a few minutes and make sure that everyone understands exactly what a Skinner Box is and how it works. The box which wa
32、s named for B. F. Skinner, the American psychologist who developed it.was used in Skinners original experiment in 1932, and its construction hasnt changed much from that time. Its just a small, empty box, really, except for a bar with a cup underneath it. So picture this: In Skinners experiment, a r
33、at that had been deprived of food for twenty four hours was placed in the box. As the animal began to explore its new environment, it accidentally hit the bar, and a food pellet dropped into the cup. The rat ate the pellet and continued exploring for more food. After hitting the bar three or four ti
34、mes with similar results, the animal started hitting the bar with intention instead of by accident. It had learned it could get food by pressing the bar. In other words, the food stimulus reinforced the bar pressing response. So. many psychology experiments were modeled after Skinners original research. Um, various animals have been placed in modified Skinner Boxes and presented with conditions that will result in a rewardfood or some other desirable object or experience. In most of the behavior modification experiments in your book, youll see a citation for Skinners classic study.
