1、托福-53 及答案解析(总分：183.86，做题时间：90 分钟)一、READING(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、PART (总题数：1，分数：10.40)“The Hydrologic Cycle“ The hydrologic cycle is the transfer of water from the oceans to the atmosphere to the land and back to the oceans. The processes involved include evaporation of water from the oceans; precipitatio
2、n on land; evaporation from land; and runoff from streams, rivers, and subsurface groundwater. The hydrologic cycle is driven by solar energy, which evaporates water from oceans, freshwater bodies, soils, and vegetation . Of the total 1.3 billion km water on Earth, about 97% is in oceans, and about
3、2% is in glaciers and ice caps. The rest is in freshwater on land and in the atmosphere. Although it represents only a small fraction of the water on Earth, the water on land is important in moving chemicals, sculpturing landscape, weathering rocks, transporting sediments, and providing our water re
4、sources. The water in the atmosphere-only 0.001% of the total on Earth-cycles quickly to produce rain and runoff for our water resources. Especially important from an environmental perspective is that rates of transfer on land are small relative to what“s happening in the ocean. For example, most of
5、 the water that evaporates from the ocean falls again as precipitation into the ocean. On land, most of the water that falls as precipitation comes from evaporation of water from land. This means that regional land-use changes, such as the building of large dams and reservoirs, can change the amount
6、 of water evaporated into the atmosphere and change the location and amount of precipitation on land-water we depend on to raise our crops and supply water for our urban environments. Furthermore, as we pave over large areas of land in cities, storm water runs off quicker and in greater volume, ther
7、eby increasing flood hazards. Bringing water into semi-arid cities by pumping groundwater or transporting water from distant mountains through aqueducts may increase evaporation, thereby increasing humidity and precipitation in a region. Approximately 60% of water that falls by precipitation on land
8、 each year evaporates to the atmosphere. A smaller component (about 40%) returns to the ocean surface and subsurface runoff. This small annual transfer of water supplies resources for rivers and urban and agricultural lands. Unfortunately, distribution of water on land is far from uniform. As human
9、population increases, water shortages will become more frequent in arid and semi-arid regions, where water is naturally nonabundant. （分数：10.40）(1).Which of the sentences below best expresses the information in the highlighted statement in the passage? The other choices change the meaning or leave ou
10、t important information.（分数：0.80）A.It is the hydrologic cycle that causes water to evaporate from plants, soil, and bodies of water inland as well as from the oceans.B.Solar energy is the source of power for the hydrologic cycle, which begins by evaporating water from plants, soil, oceans, and fresh
11、water sources.C.The evaporation of water from the oceans, freshwater sources, plants, and soils is the natural process, which we call the hydrologic cycle.D.Energy from the sun and the hydrologic cycle are power sources for plants that require water from the oceans and freshwater sources.(2).Based o
12、n information in paragraph 1, which of the following best explains the term “hydrologic cycle“?（分数：0.80）A.The movement of water from freshwater bodies into the oceansB.Solar energy in the atmosphere that produces rain over land and oceansC.Water resources from oceans and freshwater sources inlandD.T
13、ransportation of water from oceans into the atmosphere and onto the land(3).The phrase The rest in the passage refers to（分数：0.80）A.oceansB.ice capsC.glaciersD.water(4).How do man-made water resources such as reservoirs and lakes affect the water cycle?（分数：0.80）A.They increase the danger of flooding
14、in the areas surrounding them.B.They cause changes in the patterns of rainfall in the immediate area.C.They provide water sources for agricultural purposes in dry areas.D.They improve the natural flow of water into the oceans.(5).Freshwater is considered important because（分数：0.80）A.it evaporates mor
15、e quickly than water in the oceanB.it is the largest source of water on EarthC.it determines the landscape of rocks and sedimentD.it is the runoff that empties into the oceans(6).The word component in the passage is closest in meaning to（分数：0.80）A.errorB.partC.estimateD.source(7).The word fundamenta
16、l in the passage is closest in meaning to（分数：0.80）A.diverseB.commonC.basicD.attractive(8).Why does the author mention the Mississippi River in paragraph 4?（分数：0.80）A.The Mississippi River is an example of a drainage basin.B.The Mississippi River is one of the largest rivers in the region.C.The Missi
17、ssippi River is used in evaluating the runoff from hills.D.The Mississippi River is named for the area surrounding it.(9).According to paragraph 5, which of the following is true about the global transfer of water?（分数：0.80）A.Most rainwater stays in the atmosphere for less than a week.B.Glaciers are
18、a better source of water than the oceans.C.Most of the water in the world is currently in the water cycle.D.Less than 1 percent of the water can be used for human consumption.(10).According to paragraph 6, why is water a problem?（分数：0.80）A.There is not enough water available in the world.B.Plants an
19、d animals are using the water that humans require.C.Distribution of water where it is needed can be difficult.D.Most of the water is too old to be used safely.(11).The word significant in the passage is closest in meaning to（分数：0.80）A.rareB.smallC.importantD.regular(12).Look at the four squares that
20、 show where the following sentence could be inserted in the passage. As a result, water shortages occur in some areas. Where could the sentence best be added? Click on a square to insert the sentence in the passage.（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(13).Directions: An introduction for a short summary of the passage
21、appears below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that mention the most important points in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not included in the passage or are minor points from the passage. This question is worth 2
22、points. The hydrologic cycle transfers water from the oceans to the atmosphere, from the atmosphere to the land, and back to the oceans. Answer ChoicesAThe global problem is the availability of water that is suitable for human use where and when it is needed. BOnly about 0.001% of the total water on
23、 Earth is in the atmosphere at a particular point in time. CSolar energy causes the evaporation of oceans and freshwater lakes and rivers into the atmosphere. DWater shortages will probably become more common as more people begin to live in desert regions. EPrecipitation in the form of rainfall repl
24、enishes the water in the ocean and in drainage basins on land. FDesalination is a key solution to the problem of adequate water supplies for human use.（分数：0.80）三、PART (总题数：2，分数：20.80)“Piaget“s Cognitive Development Theory“ The famous Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) proposed an important t
25、heory of cognitive development. Piaget“s theory states that children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development. Two processes underlie this cognitive construction of the world: organization and adaptation. To make sense of our world, we o
26、rganize our experiences. For example, we separate important ideas from less important ideas. We connect one idea to another. But not only do we organize our observations and experiences, we also adapt our thinking to include new ideas because additional information furthers understanding . Piaget (1
27、954) believed that we adapt in two ways: assimilation and accommodation. Assimilation occurs when individual is incorporate new information into their existing knowledge. Accommodation occurs when individual is adjust to new information. Consider a circumstance in which a 9-year-old girl is given a
28、hammer and nails to hang a picture on the wall. She has never used a hammer, but from observation and vicarious experience she realizes that a hammer is an object to be held, that it is swung by the handle to hit the nail, and that it is usually swung a number of times. Recognizing each of these thi
29、ngs, she fits her behavior into the information she already has (assimilation). However, the hammer is heavy, so she holds it near the top. She swings too hard and the nail bends, so she adjusts the pressure of her strikes. These adjustments reveal her ability to alter slightly her conception of the
30、 world (accommodation). Piaget thought that assimilation and accommodation operate even in the very young infant“s life. Newborns reflexively suck everything that touches their lips (assimilation), but, after several months of experience, they construct their understanding of the world differently.
31、Some objects, such as fingers and the mother“s breast, can be sucked, but others such as fuzzy blankets, should not be sucked (accommodation). Piaget also believed that we go through four stages in understanding the world. Each of the stages is age-related and consists of distinct ways of thinking.
32、Remember, it is the different way of understanding the world that makes one stage more advanced than another; knowing more information does not make the child“s thinking more advanced, in the Piagetian view. This is what Piaget meant when he said the child“s cognition is qualitatively different in o
33、ne stage compared to another (Vidal, 2000). What are Piaget“s four stages of cognitive development like? The sensorimotor stage, which lasts from birth to about 2 years of age, is the first Piagetian stage. In this stage, infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experi
34、ences (such as seeing and hearing) with physical, motoric actions-hence the term sensorimotor. At the end of the stage, 2-year-olds have sophisticated sensorimotor patterns and are beginning to operate with primitive symbols. （分数：10.40）(1).Which of the sentences below best expresses the information
35、in the highlighted statement in the passage? The other choices change the meaning or leave out important information.（分数：0.80）A.Our new experiences require that we adjust in order to understand information that we have never seen.B.Understanding new ideas is easier if we include observations and per
36、sonal experiences.C.We engage in both organization of what we see and experience and adaptation of novel ideas.D.Thinking must include direct observation and experiences in order to organize the information.(2).Why does the author mention a hammer in paragraph 2?（分数：0.80）A.To explain the concepts of
37、 assimilation and accommodationB.To demonstrate how a 9-year-old girl responds to a new experienceC.To prove that a young child cannot engage in problem solvingD.To provide an example of the first stage of cognitive development(3).The word alter in the passage is closest in meaning to（分数：0.80）A.chan
38、geB.improveC.hideD.find(4).The word others in the passage refers to（分数：0.80）A.monthsB.objectsC.fingersD.blankets(5).The word distinct in the passage is closest in meaning to（分数：0.80）A.newB.simpleC.differentD.exact(6).The word sophisticated in the passage is closest in meaning to（分数：0.80）A.limitedB.c
39、omplexC.usefulD.necessary(7).Based on the information in paragraph 6, which of the following best explains the term “operations“?（分数：0.80）A.Symbolic thoughtB.Mental actionsC.Physical activityD.Abstract reasoning(8).According to paragraph 7, why would a 10-year-old be unable to solve algebra problems
40、?（分数：0.80）A.Algebra requires concrete operational thinking.B.A 10-year-old has not reached the formal operational stage.C.A child of 10 does not have logical reasoning abilities.D.An algebra problem has too many steps in order to solve it.(9).In paragraph 8, the author mentions parents because（分数：0.
41、80）A.teenagers are already thinking about their roles in the futureB.parents are very important teachers during the final stage of developmentC.the comparison of real and ideal parents is an example of abstract thinkingD.adolescents tend to be critical of their parents as part of their development(1
42、0).What can be inferred from the passage about people who are older than 15 years of age?（分数：0.80）A.They must have completed all of Piaget“s stages of cognitive development.B.They are probably in the formal operational state of development.C.They have mastered deductive reasoning and are beginning t
43、o learn intuitively.D.They may still not be able to solve problems systematically.(11).All of the following refer to Piaget“s theory EXCEPT（分数：0.80）A.Even very young infants may engage in constructing the way that they understand the world.B.Both assimilation and accommodation are processes that we
44、can use to help us adapt to new information.C.When children learn more information, then their thinking is at a higher stage of development.D.Operations require a more advanced stage of development than symbolic representation.(12).Look at the four squares that show where the following sentence coul
45、d be inserted in the passage. At the beginning of this stage, newborns have little more than reflexive patterns with which to work. Where could the sentence best be added? Click on a square to insert the sentence in the passage.（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(13).Directions: Complete the table by matching the phr
46、ases on the left with the headings on the right. Select the appropriate answer choices and drag them to the operational stages proposed by Piaget. TWO of the answer choices, which refer to the earlier stages, will NOT be used. This question is worth 4 points. To delete an answer choice, click on it.
47、 To see the passage, click on View Text . Answer Choices AIntuitive thought in images and drawings BImagination of ideal situations CLogical reasoning for specific DApplied reasoning that requires little abstract thought EAbstract thinking that includes hypotheses FComplex coordination of the five s
48、enses GSuccessful solution of tangible problems HThinking about potential situations for the future IMethodical trials to determine the reason for events Concrete Operational Stage or relationships examples Formal Operational Stage （分数：0.80）“Conquest by Patents“ Patents are a form of intellectual pr
49、operty rights often touted as a means to give “incentive and reward“ to inventors. But they“re also a cause for massive protests by farmers, numerous lawsuits by transnational corporations and indigenous peoples, and countless rallies and declarations by members of civil society. It is impossible to understand why they can have all these effects unless you first recognize that patents are about the control of technology and the protection of competitive advantage. Lessons from History In the 1760s, the Englishman Richard Arkwright invented the
