1、职称英语卫生类 A级真题 2016年及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、第 1部分：词汇选项(总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.She is an artist whose work will undoubtedly withstand the test of time.（分数：1.00）A.gradeB.attractC.bearD.suffer2.He wore a shabby thin overcoat in the cold winter so that he fell ill.（分数：1.00）A.bigB.newC.smallD.old3.They hav
2、e built canals to irrigate the desert.（分数：1.00）A.waterB.decorateC.changeD.visit4.We are worried about this fluid situation full with uncertainty.（分数：1.00）A.changeableB.stableC.suitableD.adaptable5.The way she looked after her young sister was really touching .（分数：1.00）A.disturbingB.connectingC.wavin
3、gD.moving6.His answers were obscure and confusing.（分数：1.00）A.obviousB.unclearC.clearD.direct7.Some newspapers in the west are notably biased.（分数：1.00）A.whollyB.totallyC.especiallyD.fairly8.Only people over 18 are eligible to vote.（分数：1.00）A.honestB.enabledC.cleverD.qualified9.Competitors must abide
4、by the judge“s decision.（分数：1.00）A.keepB.readC.understandD.obey10.The coastal area has very mild winter, but the central plains remain extremely cold.（分数：1.00）A.severeB.hardC.warmD.dry11.The weather was so gorgeous that many people went outing.（分数：1.00）A.pleasantB.uncontrollableC.cloudyD.unbearable1
5、2.The umbrella was ingeniously devised to fold up into the pocket.（分数：1.00）A.seriouslyB.cleverlyC.attentivelyD.carefully13.The latest car model embodies the new research development.（分数：1.00）A.includesB.listsC.borrowsD.broadens14.The new garment fits her perfectly.（分数：1.00）A.haircutB.clothesC.purseD
6、necklace15.The details of the costume were totally authentic .（分数：1.00）A.realB.outstandingC.creativeD.false二、第 2部分：阅读判断(总题数：1，分数：7.00)Scientists Develop Ways of Detecting Heart AttackGerman researchers have come up with a new generation of defibrillators (除颤器) and early-warning software aimed at of
7、fering heart patients greater protection from sudden death from cardiac arrest (心脏骤停). In Germany alone around 100,000 people die annually as a result of cardiac arrest and many of these cases are caused by disruption to the heart“s rhythm. Those most at risk are patients who have already suffered a
8、 heart attack, and for years the use of defibrillators has proved useful in diagnosing life-threatening disruptions to heart rhythms and correcting them automatically by intervening within seconds. These devices take on a range of functions, such as that of pacemaker. Heart specialists at Freiburg“s
9、 University Clinic have now achieved a breakthrough with an implanted defibrillator capable of generating a six-channel electrocardiogram (ECG) within the body. This integrated system allows early diagnosis of acute blood-flow problems and a pending (潜在的) heart attack. It will be implanted in patien
10、ts for the first time this year. Meanwhile, researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Mathematics in Kaiserslautern have developed a new computer software that renders the evaluation of ECG data more precise. The overwhelming majority of patients at risk will not have an implanted defibril
11、lator and must for this reason undergo regular ECGs. “Many of the current programs only take into account a linear correlation of the data. We are, however, making use of a non-linear process that reveals the chaotic patterns of heart beats as an open and complex system,“ Hagen Knaf says. “In this w
12、ay changes in the heart beats over time can be monitored and individual variations in patients taken into account.“ An old study of ECG data, based upon 600. patients who had suffered a subsequent heart attack, enabled the researchers to compare risks and to show that the new software evaluates the
13、data considerably better.（分数：7.00）(1).A new type of defibrillators can be used to prevent cardiovascular diseases.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(2).Cardiac arrest is caused mostly by disruption to the heart“s rhythm.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(3).Defibrillators are useful in curin
14、g patients constantly under the threat of heart attack.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(4).The new computer software is designed by a German Company.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(5).The non-linear process has taken into account the individual variations in patients.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.W
15、rongC.Not mentioned(6).The early-warning software is unique in its data collection.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(7).The researchers proved the validity of the new software via ECG data of an old study.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned三、第 3部分：概括大意与完成句子(总题数：1，分数：8.00)Sleep Well to Be Wel
16、lDo you often feel tired in the morning even though you“ve been in bed for seven or eight hours the night before.* Like many people, you are not sleeping as much as you think you are. In other words, your sleep efficiency is not that good. Sleep experts define “sleep efficiency“ as the percentage of
17、 time lying down that you are actually sleeping. According to the Explanatory Journal , the science of sleep efficiency is still young. There is no specific number for efficiency that“s been proven as linked to poor health. However, according to a New York Times report about sleep quality, some expe
18、rts estimate a rough ballpark (范围) of 85 percent or above as a decent place to be. 3 Short wavelength blue light, emitted (放出) by the sun and by the screens of computers, iPads and smartphones, stops production of the sleep-inducing hormone melatonin (褪黑素) and makes you feel more active. Blue light
19、tells your brain it“s daytime. Experts suggest turning off your computers and smartphones one hour or at least 30 minutes before bed. Go to bed and wake up at the same time, or relatively the same time, every day. Avoid binge sleeping (狂睡) on the weekend. Consistency is the key to a good night“s sle
20、ep, especially when it comes to waking up. When you have a consistent wake-up time, your brain accustoms to this and moves through the sleep cycle in preparation for you to feel rested and active at your wake-up time. One of the biggest peaks in melatonin production happens during the 1 to 3 pm time
21、 frame, which explains why most people feel sleepy in the afternoon. If you aren“t getting enough sleep at night, you“re likely going to feel an overwhelming desire to sleep in the afternoon. When this happens, you“re better off taking a short nap than resorting to caffeine or strong tea to keep you
22、 awake. A short nap will give you the rest you need to get through the rest of the afternoon, and you“ll sleep much better in the evening than if you drink caffeine or take a long afternoon nap.（分数：8.00）(1).Paragraph 2 1 A. Define the sleep related terms B. Take naps C. Turn off the devices emitting
23、 blue light D. Keep a consistent sleep schedule E. Improve sleep quality F. Avoid blue light at night（分数：1.00）(2).Paragraph 3 1（分数：1.00）(3).Paragraph 4 1（分数：1.00）(4).Paragraph 5 1（分数：1.00）(5).The tiredness in the morning even after many hours in bed is due to 1. A. a long afternoon nap B. the peak p
24、roduction of melatonin C. poor health D. low sleep efficiency E. good sleep efficiency F. exposure to blue light（分数：1.00）(6).Sleeping less than 85% of the time spent lying in bed might cause 1.（分数：1.00）(7).A lower production of the hormone melatonin is due to 1.（分数：1.00）(8).A strong desire to sleep
25、in the afternoon is the result of 1.（分数：1.00）四、第 4部分：阅读理解(总题数：0，分数：0.00)五、第一篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Can Added Calcium Help Older Bones?New Zealand researchers say guidelines advising seniors to consume at least 1,000 to 1,200 milligrams of calcium a day are misplaced. No proof was found that boosting calci
26、um intake beyond normal dietary levels strengthens older bones or prevents fractures, said researcher Dr Mark Bolland, a professor at the University of Auckland. “We“ve gathered all the clinical studies of calcium supplements and dietary calcium intake for both bone density and fractures,“ said Boll
27、and. “Taken together, we think this is the strongest possible evidence that taking calcium supplements will not be beneficial unless there are, clear medical reasons that a calcium supplement is needed,“ he said. Moreover, excess calcium supplementation can be harmful, he and other experts said. “Th
28、e findings probably will surprise clinicians and patients“, Bolland said,“ because they have received very strong messages for many years about the importance of calcium for bone health in guidelines for osteoporosis (骨质疏松症) management and by osteoporosis advocacy groups.“ “Clinical trials have show
29、n that calcium supplements often cause minor gastrointestinal (胃肠的) side effects such as constipation (便秘)“, Bolland said. “They also cause a small increased risk of kidney stones, heart attacks, high calcium levels and hospitalization with acute gastrointestinal symptoms.“ He also said. “The small
30、risk of these important adverse effects, together with the moderate risk of minor side effects such as constipation, outweighs any benefits of calcium supplements on fracture.“ However, Dr Duffy MacKay, president for the Council for Responsible Nutrition, disagreed with Bolland“s conclusions, and co
31、untered that scientific evidence does show that calcium reduces fracture risk. “The degree of benefit varies from study to study,“ he said. “However, the largest benefit is generally found in those who take their calcium supplements throughout the entirety of a study. Other important factors that in
32、fluence the benefit of calcium supplementation include giving calcium supplements with other important bone nutrients including vitamin D and vitamin K.“（分数：15.00）(1).Dr Bolland says that calcium intake beyond normal dietary levels has _.（分数：3.00）A.a positive effect on older bonesB.an effective powe
33、r on healing fracturesC.not been beneficial to the legsD.not been proved effective(2).The clinical studies have been gathered to investigate _.（分数：3.00）A.both calcium supplements and calcium intakeB.either calcium supplements or calcium intakeC.either bone density or fracturesD.both bone density and
34、 fractures(3).The findings about the excess calcium intake are surprising because they are _.（分数：3.00）A.put forward by famous researchersB.advocated in the guidelines for bone healthC.different from the long-standing conceptsD.only discussed within a few years(4).The adverse effects from the calcium
35、 supplements include the following EXCEPT _.（分数：3.00）A.constipationB.forgetfulnessC.heart attacksD.kidney stones(5).According to Dr MacKay, the most important factor affecting the result of the study is _.（分数：3.00）A.the continuous intakeB.the amount of intakeC.the age of patientsD.the gender of pati
36、ents六、第二篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Deforestation and Desertification(沙漠化)The Sahel zone lies between the Sahara desert and the fertile savannahs (热带大草原) of northern Nigeria and South Sudan. The word sahel comes from Arabic and means marginal or transitional, and this is a good description of these semi-arid (
37、半干旱) lands, which occupy much of the Western African countries of Mall, Mauritania, Niger, and Chad. Unfortunately, over the last century the Sahara desert has steadily crept southwards eating into once productive Sahel lands. United Nations surveys show that over 70 percent of the dry land in agric
38、ulture use in Africa has deteriorated over the last 30 years. Droughts have become more severe, the most recent lasting over twenty years in parts of the Sahel region. The same process of desertification is taking place across southern Africa as the Kalahari desert advances into Botswana and parts o
39、f South Africa. One of the major causes of this desert advance is poor agricultural land use, driven by the pressures of increasing population. Overgrazingkeeping too many farm animals on the landmeans that grasses and other plants cannot recover, and scarce water supplies are exhausted. Overcultiva
40、tiontrying to grow too many crops on poor landresults in the soil becoming even less fertile and drier, and beginning to break up. Soil erosion (侵蚀) follows, and the land turns into desert. Another cause of desertification is loss of tree cover. Trees are cut down for use as fuel and to clear land f
41、or agricultural use. Tree roots help to bind the soil together, to conserve moisture, and to provide a habitat for other plants and animals. When trees are cut down, the soil begins to dry and loosen, wind and rain erosion increase, other plant species die, and eventually the fertile topsoil may be
42、almost entirely lost, leaving only bare rock and dust. The effects of loss of topsoil and increased drought are irreversible. They are, however, preventable. Careful conservation of tree cover and sustainable agricultural land use have been shown to halt deterioration of soils and lessen the effects
43、 of shortage of rainfall. One project in Kita in south-west Mall funded by UNDP has involved local communities in sustainable management of forest, while at the same time providing a viable (有活力的) agricultural economy. This may be a model for similar projects in other West African countries.（分数：15.0
44、0）(1).The Sahel zone is an area which _.（分数：3.00）A.is covered with sand and grassB.has a long historyC.occupies much of South NigeriaD.belongs to Sudan(2).What is the situation about the desertification in Africa?（分数：3.00）A.The deserts are replaced with grasslands.B.The deserts are expanding.C.The d
45、eserts are moving northwards.D.The deserts are being deserted.(3).The word “deteriorated“ in Paragraph 2 means _.（分数：3.00）A.deepenedB.sufferedC.slippedD.worsened(4).What is the root cause of desertification?（分数：3.00）A.Poor fanning.B.Overpopulation.C.Radical climate change.D.Disappearance of rare pla
46、nt species.(5).In order to prevent desertification, the author proposes _.（分数：3.00）A.making good use of international aidsB.developing a sustainable agricultural economyC.gaining international supportD.converting agricultural land into forest七、第三篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Living Alone Could Be Good for Your W
47、eightGood news for people living alone: A forthcoming paper shows that single adultsof any sexual orientationare physically healthier when it comes to body mass index (BMI). The study, which appears in the January edition of the Journal of Family Issues , found that living without a partnereither di
48、vorced or never marriedis associated with lower body weight. On the other hand, co-habiters and married people, whether male or female, had higher BMIs, a calculation of weight and height that studies have linked to chronic conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, some types of cancers, and, ulti
49、mately, higher rates of mortality. Sociologist Jay Teachman of Western Washington University used 20 years of data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Study of Youth and more than 3,000 participants to examine body weight, marital status, and what he calls relationship “transitions“that is, breakups. He tracked people“s BMIs from adolescence to middle age (between 39 and 42 years old) and found people experienced a short-term weight loss after divorce, which he believes is probably stress-induced. Generally, Teachman thinks, couples that live to
