1、专业八级-163 (1)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART LISTENIN(总题数：1，分数：10.00)BHumanities Disciplines/B In many people s eyes, the humanities disciplines seem to be dying out. However, actually, students continue to enroll in humanities courses and lots of scholarship is still published. The humanities dis
2、ciplines feel dislocated, because they appear to have lost their (1) _. And the most important one is exactly what those roots were. (1) _ The history of higher education in the United States since (2) _can be divided (2) _ into 2 periods. B. the first period (1945-1975):/B a period of (3) _and know
3、n in the literature on American education as the (3) _ Golden Age, during which the composition of the higher education system changed not too much, but the size of the system (4) _dramatically. (4) _ This expansion includes three factors: 1) the baby boom: a period of record (5) _that followed a pe
4、riod of record (5) _ low birth rates-the (6) _and the Second World War; (6) _ 2) the relatively high domestic economic growth rate after (7) _; (7) _ 3) the Cold War: American university had been drawn into the business of government-related (8) _research during the Second World War. (8) _ B. the se
5、cond period (1975-present)/B a period of (9) _, during which the size of the system has grown at a much (9) _ more (10) _ pace and the composition has changed dramatically. (10) _（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_二、BSECTION B/B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)(1).What was
6、 most important, according to Kofi Annan?（分数：1.00）A.Getting the WHO work.B.Looking at the figures and statistics and the devastation.C.Getting the leaders speaking up.D.Discussing the issue with the WHO and the UNAIDS.(2).How did Annan see the individuals struggle through the course of the illness?（
7、分数：1.00）A.He was concerned with the statistics.B.He was concerned with the suffering and the pain.C.He was concerned with the medication.D.He was concerned with the UN s activities there.(3).Annan hoped that the governments could increase assistance in the areas of _.（分数：1.00）A.treatment, funds, pre
8、vention and getting organizations involvedB.prevention, education, treatment and getting organizations involvedC.education, leadership, prevention and treatmentD.treatment, education, prevention and leardership(4).Annan was pleased with Dr. Lee s approach of rying to get the AIDS medication to _.（分数
9、：1.00）A.three billion people in four yearsB.three million people in four yearsC.four million people in three yearsD.three million people in five years(5).Why did Annan meet the seven top pharmaceutical companies?（分数：1.00）A.He urged them to provide more medications for these countries.B.He urged them
10、 to reduce the production of the medications.C.He urged them to lower the prices of the medications.D.He urged them to produce more effective medications.三、BSECTION C/B(总题数：3，分数：5.00)I Questions 7 and 8 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to ans
11、wer each of the following questions. Now listen to the News./I（分数：2.00）(1).Which statement is not true?（分数：1.00）A.The girl was living with her mother.B.The landlady witnessed the crime.C.The girl and the suspect probably were dating.D.The girl was found dead on the floor.(2).We can learn from the ne
12、ws that _.（分数：1.00）A.police provided detail in formations about the girlB.Tobago has a population of 1.2 millionC.homicide increased in TobagoD.Tobago is generally a peaceful island1.These militants _.（分数：1.00）A.suffered severe casualtiesB.were on the recently issued list of terroristsC.fought with
13、Saudi police forcesD.were thought to be hiding in al-Rawdah districtI Questions 9 and 10 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following questions. Now listen to the News./I（分数：2.00）(1).Rabbi Michael Strassfeld says that one
14、should be grateful _.（分数：1.00）A.when everything goes smoothlyB.when the sun stands stillC.for people s appreciationD.for everyday aspects of life(2).When a traditional Jew blesses God as“ the true Judge“ at hearing someone s death, he _.（分数：1.00）A.is acknowledging that death is part of lifeB.is happ
15、y that his enemy finally diedC.thinks that death is a blessingD.God is good to that person四、BPART READING (总题数：5，分数：20.00)BTEXT A/BThomas Jefferson, who died in 1826, looms ever larger as a figure of special significance. Americans, of course, are familiar with Jefferson as an early statesman, autho
16、r of the Declaration of Independence, and a high-ranking presidential Founding Father. But there is another Jefferson less well known. This is the Jefferson who, as the outstanding American philosopher of democracy, has an increasing appeal to the world s newly emerging peoples.There is no other man
17、 in history who formulated the ideas of democracy with such fullness, persuasive ness, and logic. Those interested in democracy as a poetical philosophy and system-even those who do not accept his postulates or are critical of his solutions-must reckon with his thought.What, then, is his thought, an
18、d how much of it is still relevant under modem conditions?Of all the ideas and beliefs that make up the political philosophy known as Jefferson democracy, perhaps three are paramount. These are the idea of equality, the idea of freedom, and the idea of the people s control over government. Underlyin
19、g the whole, and serving as a major premise, is confidence in man.To Jefferson, it was virtually axiomatic that the human being was essentially good, that he was capable of constant improvement through education and reason. He believed that “no definite limit could be assigned“ to man s continued pr
20、ogress from ignorance and superstition to enlightenment and happiness. Unless this kept in mind, Jefferson cannot be understood properly.What did he mean by the concept of equality, which he stated as a “self-evident“ troth? Obviously, he was not foolish enough to believe that all men are equal in s
21、ize or intelligence or talents or moral development. He never said that men are equal, but only that they come into the world with “equal rights“. He believed that equality was a political rather than a biological or psychological or economic conception. It was a gift that man acquired automatically
22、 by coming into the world as a member of the human community.Intertwined with equality was the concept of freedom, also viewed by Jefferson as a “natural right.“ In the Declaration of Independence he stated it as “self-evident“ that liberty was one of the “inherent“ and “unalienable rights“ with whi
23、ch the Creator endowed man. “Freedom“, he summed up at one time, “is the gift of Nature.“What did Jefferson mean by freedom and why was it necessary for him to claim it as an “inherent“ or “natural“ right? In Jefferson thought there are two main elements in the idea of freedom. There is, first, man
24、s liberty to organize his own political institutions and to select periodically the individuals to run them. The other freedom is personal. Foremost in the area of individual liberty, Jefferson believed, was the untrammeled right to say, think, write, and believe whatever the citizen wishes - provid
25、ed, of course, he does not directly injure his neighbors.It is because political and personal freedom are potentially in conflict that Jefferson, in order to make both secure, felt the need to found them on “natural fight“. If each liberty derives from an “inherent“ right, then neither could justly
26、undermine the other. Experience of the past, when governments, were neither too strong for the ruled or too weak to rule them, convinced Jefferson of the desirability of establishing a delicate natural balance between political power and personal rights.This brings us to the third basic element in t
27、he Jeffersonian idea: the people s control over government. It is paradoxical that Jefferson, who spent most of his adult years in politics, had an ingrained distrust of government as such. For the then-existing governments of Europe, virtually all of them hereditary monarchies, he had antipathy mix
28、ed with contempt. His mistrust of strong and unchecked government was inveterate. “I am not,“ he said, “a friend to a very energetic government. It is always oppressive.“Government being a necessity for civilized existence; the question was how it could be prevented from following its tendency to sw
29、allow the rights of the people. Jefferson s answer to this ancient dilemma was at variance with much traditional thinking. He began with the postulate that government existed for the people, and not vice versa; that it had no independent being except as an instrument of the people; and that it had n
30、o legitimate justifications for existence except to serve the people.From this it followed, in Jefferson s view that only the people, and not their rulers or the privileged classes, could and should be relied upon as the “safe depositories“ of political liberty. This key idea in the Jeffersonian pol
31、itical universe rested on the monumental assumption that the people at large had the wisdom, the capability, and the knowledge exclusively to carry the burden of political power and responsibility. The assumption was, of course, widely challenged and vigorously denied in Jefferson s day, but he alwa
32、ys asserted his confidence init.Confidence in the people, however, was not enough, by itself, to serve as a safeguard against the potential dangers inherent in political power. The people might become corrupted or demoralized or indifferent. Jefferson believed that the best practice for the avoidanc
33、e of tyranny and the preservation of freedom was to follow two main policies. One was designed to limit power, and the other to control power.In order to put limits on power, Jefferson felt, it was best to divide it by scattering its functions among as many entities as possible - among states, count
34、ries, and municipalities. In order to keep it in check, it was to be impartially balanced among legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Thus, no group, agency, or entity would be able legitimately to acquire power for abuse. This is, of course, the theory that is embedded in the Constitution
35、and that underlies the American federal system with its “check and balance“.For the control of power or, more specifically, the governmental apparatus itself, other devices had to be brought into play. Of these, two are of special importance: suffrage and elections.Unlike many contemporaries, Jeffer
36、son believed in virtually universal suffrage. His opinion was that the universal right to vote was the only “rational and peaceable instrument“ of free government.Next to the right to vote, the system of free elections was the foremost instrument for control over government. This involved, first, th
37、e election by the people of practically all high government officials, and, secondly, fixed and regular periods of polling, established by law.To make doubly sure that this mechanism would work as an effective control over power, Jefferson advocated frequent elections and short terms of office, so t
38、hat the citizens would be enabled to express their “approbation or rejection“ as soon as possible.This, in substance, is the Jeffersonian philosophy-faith in the idea of equality, of freedom, and in the right to and need for popular control over government.What, in all this, is relevant to peoples w
39、ithout a democratic tradition, especially those who have recently emerged in Asia and Africa? The rejection of democratic procedures by some of these peoples has been disheartening to believers in freedom and democracy. But it is noteworthy that democratic and parliamentary government has been displ
40、aced in areas where the people had no background in freedom or self-rule, and where illiteracy is generally high. Even there it is significant that the new dictatorships are usually proclaimed in the name of the people.The Jeffersonian assumption that men crave equality and freedom has not been deni
41、ed by events. Special conditions and traditions may explain non-democratic political methods for the achievement of certain purposes, but these remain unstable wherever the notion of liberty has begun to gain ground. “The disease of liberty“, Jefferson said, “is catching.“The proof of this is to be
42、found even in such societies as the Spanish and the Islamic, with their ancient traditions of chieftainships where popular eruptions against dictatorial rule have had an almost tidal constancy.But it is a slow process, as Jefferson well knew, “The ground of liberty“, he said, “is to be gained by inc
43、hes; we must be contented to secure what we can get, from time to time, and eternally press forward for what is yet to get. It takes time to persuade men to do even what is for their own good.“Does Jefferson survive? Indeed he does.（分数：5.00）(1).What are the three most paramount ideas in Jeffersonian
44、 democracy?（分数：1.00）A.Equality, freedom and people s control over government.B.Equality, confidence in man and people s control over government.C.Equality, freedom and confidence in man.D.Freedom, confidence in man and people s control over government.(3).In Jefferson s opinion, what could prevent t
45、yranny and preserve freedom?（分数：1.00）A.Suffrage and election.B.Checks and balances.C.The two politics to limit power and to control power.D.The dividing of functions among many entities.(4).Which of the following statements would the writer probably Not support?（分数：1.00）A.The rejection of democratic
46、 procedures is partly attributed to ignorance.B.Jefferson s ideas of democracy are often distorted by some people on purpose.C.Universal suffrage is the cardinal instrument for control over government.D.Once the concept of liberty is accepted by the majority, a democratic society will be strongly de
47、manded.(5).The primary purpose of this text is to _.（分数：1.00）A.explain Jefferson s ideas of democracyB.exalt Jefferson as an outstanding philosopherC.illustrate Jefferson s influence on modem politicsD.view Jeffersonian democracy under modern conditionsBTEXT B/BThe dream of lost innocence recovered
48、in a golden future always haunts the imagination of colonial pioneers. Its premise is myopia: F. Scott Fitzgerald conjured % fresh, green breast of the new world“ for his Dutch sailors, a story that began without Indians. Golda Meir infamously insisted that there was no such thing as Palestinians. Breaking new ground on a distant shore is easier if no one is there when you arrive. Plan B allows that the natives are happy to see the newcomers. But soon enough it all turns nasty
