1、Designation: D5878 08Standard Guides forUsing Rock-Mass Classification Systems for EngineeringPurposes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5878; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revi
2、sion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 These guides offer the selection of a suitable system ofclassification of rock mass for specific engineering purposes,such as
3、tunneling and shaft-sinking, excavation of rockchambers, ground support, modification and stabilization ofrock slopes, and preparation of foundations and abutments.These classification systems may also be of use in work onrippability of rock, quality of construction materials, anderosion resistance.
4、Although widely used classification systemsare treated in this standard, systems not included here may bemore appropriate in some situations, and may be added tosubsequent editions of this standard.1.2 The valid, effective use of this standard is contingentupon the prior complete definition of the e
5、ngineering purposesto be served and on the complete and competent definition ofthe geology and hydrology of the engineering site. Further, theperson or persons using this standard must have had fieldexperience in studying rock-mass behavior. An appropriatereference for geological mapping in the unde
6、rground is pro-vided by Guide D4879.1.3 This standard identifies the essential characteristics ofseven classification systems. It does not include detailedguidance for application to all engineering purposes for whicha particular system might be validly used. Detailed descriptionsof the first five s
7、ystems are presented in STP 984 (1),2withabundant references to source literature. Details of two otherclassification systems and a listing of seven Japanese systemsare also presented.1.4 The range of applications of each of the systems hasgrown since its inception. This standard summarizes the majo
8、rfields of application up to this time of each of the sevenclassification systems.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to inch-pounds units that are provided for infor-mation only and are not considered stand
9、ard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This st
10、andard offers an organized collection of informa-tion or a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action. This document cannot replace education oreexperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgement. Not all aspects of this standard may be applicablein all
11、circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended torepresent or replace the standard of care by which theadequacy of a given professional service must be judged, norshould this document be applied without consideration of aprojects many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in thetitle of this docume
12、nt means only that the document has beenapproved through the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed
13、in Engineering Design and ConstructionD4879 Guide for Geotechnical Mapping of Large Under-ground Openings in RockD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in GeotechnicalDataD6032 Test Method for Determining Rock Quality Designa-tion (RQD) of Rock CoreD7012 Test Methods for Compressive Strength an
14、d ElasticModuli of Intact Rock Core Specimens under VaryingStates of Stress and Temperatures1These guides are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.12 on Rock Mechanics.Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published Augus
15、t 2008. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D5878 05. DOI:10.1520/D5878-08.2The boldface numbers given in parentheses refer to a list of references at theend of the text.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Se
16、rvice at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 1942
17、8-2959. United StatesNOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information13. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 classification, na systematic arrangement or divisionof materials, products, syste
18、ms, or services into groups basedon similar characteristics such as origin, composition,properties, or use (Regulations Governing ASTM TechnicalCommittees).43.1.2 rock mass (in situ rock), nrock as it occurs in situ,including both the rock material and its structural discontinui-ties (Modified after
19、 Terminology D653 ISRM).3.1.2.1 DiscussionRock mass also includes at least someof the earth materials in mixed-ground and soft-ground condi-tions.3.1.3 rock material (intact rock, rock substance, rockelement), nrock without structural discontinuities; rock onwhich standardized laboratory property te
20、sts are run.3.1.4 structural discontinuity (discontinuity), nan inter-ruption or abrupt change in a rocks structural properties, suchas strength, stiffness, or density, usually occurring acrossinternal surfaces or zones, such as bedding, parting, cracks,joints, faults, or cleavage.NOTE 1To some exte
21、nt, 3.1.1, 3.1.2, and 3.1.4 are scale-related. Arocks microfractures might be structural discontinuities to a petrologist,but to a field geologist the same rock could be considered intact. Similarly,the localized occurrence of jointed rock (rock mass) could be inconse-quential in regional analysis.3
22、.1.5 For the definition of other terms that appear in thisstandard, refer to STP 984, Guide D4879, and TerminologyD653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 classification system, na group or hierarchy ofclassifications used in combination for a designated purpose,such as evaluati
23、ng or rating a property or other characteristic ofa rock mass.4. Significance and Use4.1 The classification systems included in this standard andtheir respective applications are as follows:4.1.1 Rock Mass Rating System (RMR) or GeomechanicsClassificationThis system has been applied to tunneling,har
24、d-rock mining, coal mining, stability of rock slopes, rockfoundations, borability, rippability, dredgability, weatherability,and rock bolting.4.1.2 Rock Structure Rating System (RSR)This system hasbeen used in tunnel support and excavation and in other groundsupport work in mining and construction.4
25、.1.3 The Q System or Norwegian Geotechnical InstituteSystem (NGI)This system has been applied to work ontunnels and chambers, rippability, excavatability, hydraulicerodibility, and seismic stability of roof-rock.4.1.4 The Unified Rock Classification System (URCS)Thissystem has been applied to work o
26、n foundations, methods ofexcavation, slope stability, uses of earth materials, blastingcharacteristics of earth materials, and transmission of ground-water.4.1.5 The Rock Material Field Classification System(RMFCS)This system has been used mainly for applicationsinvolving shallow excavation, particu
27、larly with regard tohydraulic erodibility in earth spillways, excavatability, con-struction quality of rock, fluid transmission, and rock-massstability (2).4.1.6 The New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM)Thissystem is used for both conventional (cyclical, such as drill-and-blast) and continuous (tunne
28、l-boring machine or TBM)tunneling. This is a tunneling procedure in which design isextended into the construction phase by continued monitoringof rock displacement. Support requirements are revised toachieve stability (3).NOTE 2The Austrian code (4) specifies methods of payment based oncoding of exc
29、avation volume and means of support.4.1.7 The Coal Mine Roof Rating (CMRR)This systemapplies to bedded coal-measure rocks, in particular with regardto their structural competence as influenced by discontinuitiesin the rock mass. The basic building blocks of CMRR are unitratings. The units are rock i
30、ntervals defined by their geotech-nical properties, and are at least 0.15 m (6 in.) thick. The unitratings are combined into roof ratings, using additional geo-technical characteristics (5).4.1.8 Japanese Rock Mass Classification SystemsTheJapanese Society of Engineering Geology has recognizedseven
31、major classification systems in use in Japan (6). Theseare summarized in 4.1.8.1 4.1.8.7, without additional detailsin this guide.4.1.8.1 Rock-Mass Classification for Railway Tunnels byRailway Technical Research InstituteRock-masses are clas-sified based on the values of P-wave velocity, unconfinedc
32、ompressive strength and unit weight. Support patterns fortunnels, such as shotcreting and rock bolting, is recommendeddepending upon the rock-mass classification obtained.4.1.8.2 Rock-Mass Classification for Tunnels and Slopes byJapan Highway Public CorporationThis system classifiesthe rock-mass usi
33、ng RQD, P-wave velocity, unconfined com-pressive strength and unit weight.4.1.8.3 Rock-Mass Classification for Dam Foundations byPublic Works Research Institute, Ministry of ConstructionInthis system, the rock-masses are classified by observing spac-ing of joints, conditions of joints and strength o
34、f rock pieces.4.1.8.4 Rock-Mass Classification for Water Tunnel Designby The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and FisheriesTherock-mass is classified into four categories based on values ofP-wave velocity, compressive strength and Poisson ratio aswell as rock type.4.1.8.5 Rock-Mass Classification b
35、y Central Research Insti-tute of Electric Power IndustryThis system classifies rock-mass based on rock type and weathering characteristics.4.1.8.6 Rock-Mass Classification by Electric-Power Devel-opment CompanyThis system is somewhat similar to thesystem developed by the Central Research Institute o
36、f ElectricPower Industry (see 4.1.8.5). The three factors used forclassifying rock-mass are weathering, hardness and joint spac-ing.4.1.8.7 Rock-Mass Classification for Weathered Granite forBridge Foundation by Honshu-Shikoku Bridge AuthorityThis4Available from ASTM Headquarters, 100 Barr Harbor Dri
37、ve, WestConshohocken, PA 19428.D5878 082system uses results of visual observations of rock-mass in situ,geophysical logging, laboratory tests on rock samples, pres-suremeter tests or other forms of in-situ tests or a combinationthereof, to estimate strength and stiffness.4.2 Other classification sys
38、tems are described in detail in thegeneral references listed in the appendix.4.3 Using this standard, the classifier should be able todecide which system appears to be most appropriate for thespecified engineering purpose at hand. The next step should bethe study of the source literature on the sele
39、cted classificationsystem and on case histories documenting the application ofthat system to real-world situations and the degree of successof each such application. Appropriate but by no means exhaus-tive references for this purpose are provided in the appendixand in STP 984 (1). The classifier sho
40、uld realize that taking thestep of consulting the source literature might lead to abandon-ment of the initially selected classification system and selectionof another system, to be followed again by study of theappropriate source literature.NOTE 3The quality of the results produced by this standard
41、isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard arecautioned t
42、hat compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensurereliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors. Practice D3740provides a means for evaluating some of these factors.5. Basis for Classification5.1 The parameters used in each classification system fol-low. In general, the termino
43、logy used by the respective authoror authors of each system is listed, to facilitate reference toSTP 984 (1) or source documents.5.1.1 Rock Mass Rating System (RMR) or GeomechanicsClassificationUniaxial compressive strength (see D7012, Method C)Rock quality designation (RQD) (see D6032)Spacing of di
44、scontinuitiesCondition of discontinuitiesGroundwater conditionsOrientation of discontinuities5.1.2 Rock Structure Rating System (RSR)Rock type plus rock strengthGeologic structureSpacing of jointsOrientation of jointsWeathering of jointsGroundwater inflow5.1.3 Q-System or Norwegian Geotechnical Inst
45、itute (NGI)System Rock quality designation (RQD) (see D6032)Number of joint setsJoint roughnessJoint alterationJoint water-reduction factorStress-reduction factor5.1.4 Unified Rock Classification System (URCS)Degree of weatheringUniaxial compressive strength (see D7012, Method C)DiscontinuitiesUnit
46、weight5.1.5 Rock Material Field Classification System (RMFCS)Rock Material PropertiesPrincipal rock typeMineralogyPrimary porosity, voidsDiscrete rock particle sizeHardnessUnconfined composite strength (see D7012, Method C)Unit weightColorRock Mass PropertiesDiscontinuity typeJoint set spacingJoint
47、persistenceApertureJoint count numberJoint wall roughnessJoint infillingType of large geomorphic or structural featureSeismic velocityRock quality designation (RQD) (see D6032)Geohydraulic PropertiesPrimary porositySecondary porosityHydraulic conductivityTransmissivityStorativityWater table/potentio
48、metric surfaceAquifier type5.1.6 New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM)A:1.Stable2.OverbreakingB:1.Friable2.Very friable3.Rolling/runningC:1.Rock bursting2.Squeezing3.Heavily squeezing4.Flowing5.Swelling5.1.7 Coal Mine Roof Rating (CMRR)Unit RatingsShear strength of discontinuitiesCohesionRoughnessInt
49、ensity of discontinuitiesSpacingPersistenceNumber of discontinuity setsCompressive strengthMoisture sensitivityRoof RatingsStrong bed adjustmentUnit contact adjustmentGroundwater adjustmentSurcharge adjustmentD5878 0835.2 Comparison of parameters among these systems indi-cates some strong similarities. It is not surprising, therefore,that paired correlations have been established between RMR,RSR, and Q (7). Some of the references in the appendix alsopresent procedures for estimating some in situ engineeringproperties from one or more o
