1、Designation: F1571 95 (Reapproved 2008)Standard Test Method forDetermination of Abrasion and Smudge Resistance ofImages Produced from Business Copy Products (SutherlandMethod)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1571; the number immediately following the designation indicates the ye
2、ar oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining th
3、eamount of image transferred from one site and redeposited atanother site (smudge) on a document. The Sutherland Ink RubTester2with 4-lb (1.82-kg) test block is the test instrument forproducing the transfer and either a reflectometer or densitom-eter is employed for measuring the change in images.Al
4、ternatively, a visual rating order can be employed to estab-lish a ranking order. The degree to which the original image isunaltered upon rubbing is considered to be the abrasionresistance.1.2 This test method can be employed to evaluate thesmudge resistance of business imaging products produced byt
5、ypewriters, and impact printers.1.3 This test method can also be employed to measureperformance characteristics for a product. The user shouldselect test equipment that is appropriate for measuring thedegree of abrasion to the samples. Samples are tested beforeand after rubbing and comparisons of re
6、sults made. In this testmethod product performance evaluations are optional.1.4 Other test methods employing the Crockmeter, TaberAbrader, and Gavarti GA-C.A.T. can be employed to evaluatethe smudge and abrasion characteristics. Results by these unitsare not necessarily equivalent to those obtained
7、with theSutherland.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of t
8、his standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D5264 Practice forAbrasion Resistance of Printed Materialsby the Sutherland Rub TesterF149 Terminology Relating to Opt
9、ical Character Recogni-tionF221 Terminology Relating to Carbon Paper and InkedRibbon Products and Images Made TherefromF497 Practice for Use of the Electric and Electronic Type-writer as a Test InstrumentF909 Terminology Relating to PrintersF1125 Terminology of Image Quality in Impact PrintingSystem
10、sF1174 Practice for Using a Personal Computer Printer as aTest InstrumentF1175 Practice for Using the Computer Impact Print-OutUnit as a Test Instrument for Manifold ComparisonF1319 Test Method for Determination of Abrasion andSmudge Resistance of Images Produced from BusinessCopy Products (Crockmet
11、er Method)F1443 Practice for Using 0.008-in. (0.203-mm) ApertureReflectometers as Test Instruments for Measuring VisualImage Quality of Business Copy Images2.2 ANSI Standard:CGATS.4 Graphic Technology Graphic Arts ReflectionDensitometry MeasurementsTerminology, Equations,Image Elements and Procedure
12、s41This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F05 on BusinessImaging Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F05.02 on InkedTransfer Imaging Products.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2008. Published February 2008. Originallyapproved in 1994. Last previous edition a
13、pproved in 2002 as F1571 95 (2002).DOI: 10.1520/F1571-95R08.2The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis James River Corp., Mechanical Services Dept., 243 E. Paterson Street,Kalamazoo, MI 49007. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide thisinform
14、ation to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receivecareful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1whichyou may attend.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book
15、 of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West
16、Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesNOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information13. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 abrasion resistancethe ability of an image to with-stand the
17、frictional force attempting to remove the surfacematerial.3.1.2 smudgethe tendency of an image to smear or streakonto an adjacent area when rubbed. Smudge involves theredeposition of abraded material.3.1.3 smudge resistancethe ability of an image to with-stand smudging.3.1.4 General definitions rela
18、ting to terms employed in thistest method can be found in Terminology F149 (opticalcharacter recognition), Terminology F221 (carbon paper andinked ribbon products and images), Terminology F909(printers), Terminology F1125 (impact printer image quality)and ANSI/CGATS.4 (reflection densitometry).4. Su
19、mmary of Test Method4.1 This test method is intended to present a procedure formeasuring the abrasion resistance and smudge tendency oftypewritten and impact printed images.4.2 The Sutherland Ink Rub Tester2and 4-lb (1.82-kg) testblock covered with Buehler Ltd. microcloth is used to performthe abras
20、ion and smudge test on images generated on atypewriter or printer. The recommended test pattern uses aseries of six lines with thirty capital “I” s per row. Spacingbetween characters should be sufficient to allow the positioningof the aperture of the reflectometer (or densitometer) withouttouching t
21、he characters.4.3 Once the smudge has been produced by the rub tester,measure the optical density of the paper in the area adjacent tothe images using a reflectometer (or densitometer). Theseresults are compared to the reflectance (or density) valuesobtained on the same area prior to imaging. If a d
22、ensitometeris used, the readings must be converted to percent reflectanceprior to making any calculations. This procedure recommendsadjusting the reflectance meter to 1.00 or densitometer to 0.00before measuring the smudge level. In this case the smudgevalue will be equal to the reflectance or densi
23、ty of the smudgedarea.4.4 For the evaluation of abrasion, reflection density read-ings of individual characters are measured before and afterapplication of the rub tester.4.5 Alternative methods for evaluation of the results includeestablishing a rank order of the samples or evaluation ofperformance
24、 characteristics of the images.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is designed to simulate the type ofdamage resulting from paper rubbing against a printed image.The primary method of evaluation is either reflectance oroptical density readings. Depending upon the objective of thetest, compar
25、ison of either the image or the area adjacent to theimage is evaluated before and after rubbing.5.2 This test method can be used for control of productquality as well as a research and development tool.5.3 As written this test method is intended for use only withimpact printed images involving ribbo
26、ns. However, it can bemodified to evaluate other types of business images such asthose produced by non-impact printers and copiers, ink jetprinters, and thermal transfer printers.5.4 The degree of image transferred by rubbing from aprinted image can be affected by various factors including thetype o
27、f printer, the condition of the unit, supplies employed,time since imaging, and environmental conditions.As many aspossible of these variables should be controlled during the test.A control sample with known characteristics, if available,should be run along with the test samples.6. Interferences6.1
28、Equipment cleanliness is important for accurate read-ings. Residual oil, dirt, or other contaminants may be trans-ferred to the test samples and result in erroneous measure-ments. Care must be taken to avoid skin contact with either ofthe two surfaces involved in the rubbing action.6.2 Variations in
29、 paper surfaces may affect ribbon smudgelevel. If sheeted paper is used, the user should be aware thatsheet to sheet smoothness and brightness variations within aream may have a significant effect on reflectance readings.Most papers contain a felt and a wire side that have differentsurface smoothnes
30、s levels and this in turn can also affect testresults. Special precautions should be taken when using pre-printed or colored papers because they may affect both thereflectometer (or densitometer) calibration and measurements.6.3 Running the test under conditions outside those found inthe normal offi
31、ce environment may affect the degree of smudgeand abrasion.6.4 Image smudging may be affected by printer or type-writer parameters such as hammer energy level, hammer dwelltime, hammer flight time, platen hardness, and print characterto platen angle.6.5 The time from print sample generation to runni
32、ng of thesmudge test has a direct impact on the final results. If prints areto be compared the elapsed time from printing to smudgetesting should be stated.7. Apparatus and Materials7.1 Sutherland Ink Rub Tester2with 4-lb (1.82-kg) testblock, or its equivalent. See Fig. 1 for a picture of theapparat
33、us.7.2 Standard Typewriter, (electric or electronic) or printer.7.3 Microcloth, Buehler Ltd. #4C7228 with adhesivebacking or equivalent.7.4 Reflectometer, or densitometer with an aperture smallerthan the space between characters. The primary method ofevaluation is reflectance or optical density.The
34、choice of whichunit to employ depends on the density of the area to bemeasured. Reflectometers perform best when the image densityis light, whereas densitometers give the best results where theimage density is dark. If readings are desired on individualprinted characters, equipment and methods refer
35、enced in Prac-tice F1443 can be employed.F1571 95 (2008)27.5 OptionalOther test equipment which measures spe-cific performance characteristics such as OCR readers and barcode verifiers.8. Conditioning8.1 For best results the paper must be conditioned at 73F(23C) and 50 % relative humidity and all te
36、sting conductedunder these same conditions. If controlled conditions are notavailable, samples to be compared must be run under the sameenvironmental conditions, on the same type of paper and at thesame elapsed time between printing and smudge testing.9. Procedure9.1 The test specimen is an imaged a
37、rea 3.5 to 4 in. (8.0 to10.2 cm) produced on a typewriter or printer under ambientenvironmental conditions. Refer to Practices F497, F1174,orF1175 for directions on how to prepare the sample employingimpact printing devices. If reflectance density readings will berequired on individual characters, a
38、 type font should beselected so the 0.008-in. (0.203-mm) aperture area will fitwithin the printed character boundaries (refer to PracticeF1443). Although the actual test pattern may vary, the recom-mended pattern that uses six rows of capital “I” s is presentedin Fig. 2.9.2 When ribbon samples are c
39、ompared, the same type ofpaper and side (wire or felt) must be used for all tests.9.3 Cut the printed sample to 212 by 512 in. (6.4 by 14.0cm).9.4 Refer to the Sutherland Operating Manual5for properset-up procedures and instructions regarding the operation ofthe unit.9.5 Mount a sample strip with th
40、e image facing up onto thebase of the Sutherland Ink Rub Tester.2Tape the sample so thatthe lead edge of the pattern is12 in. (13 mm) from the rightedge of the base plate. Overlap of tape on paper should notexceed18 in. (3 mm).9.6 Adhere two 1 by 2 in. (25 by 51 mm) pieces of#4C-7228 Buehler microcl
41、oth or equivalent to the bottom ofthe 4-lb (1.82-kg) weight of the Rub Tester.29.7 Check the two surfaces for loose material and removewith a camels hair brush if necessary.9.8 Carefully place the weight on top of the printed samplewith the microcloth resting on the images.9.9 Lock the weight into t
42、he radius arm.9.10 Set and run the tester ten cycles.9.11 Remove the weight.9.12 Calibrate the reflectance meter or densitometer inaccordance with the manufacturers recommended procedurebefore each test to verify the zero or infinity setting.NOTE 1Since most papers that are used in this procedure ar
43、e usuallytranslucent and not opaque, if a white backing is used, some of the lighttransmitted through the paper will reflect back to the measuring instru-ment. The method recommended by ANSI/CGATS.4 that minimizesback-reflected light is to use a black backing material. This backingmaterial should be
44、 non-selective, diffuse-reflecting, and have an ISOdensity greater than 1.50. Samples are often either viewed or measuredwith a backing of several layers of similar stock. Although this procedureis acceptable, black backing is required when communicating data.9.13 Place the reflectance meter or dens
45、itometer on anon-image area of the sample. Set the calibration to 1.00readout for a reflectance meter or 0.00 for a densitometer.Making several readings and calibrating the meter on thenominal value is the preferred practice. If the paper is so darkthat the unit cannot be adjusted to 1.00 (or 0.00)
46、on thebackground, calibrate the unit against an absolute standard.After both background and smudge data has been gathered, thesmudge value of interest must be calculated using the formulain accordance with 10.2.2.5Sutherland Ink Rub Tester Operators Instruction Manual, available fromJames River Corp
47、.2Also see the operators manual for selected reflectometer ordensitometer.NOTE 1The Sutherland Rub Tester shows two-pound and four-poundweights to which test specimens are attached and the scoring device.NOTE 2The upper receptacle of the timer is for remote timer control.The lower receptacle is the
48、same voltage as the instrument. 115 V singlephase is standard, 220 V optional. Sutherland Ink Rub Tester andAttachmentsFIG. 1 Sutherland Ink Rub Tester and AttachmentsF1571 95 (2008)39.14 Measure the reflectance (or optical density) of thespace midway between the first and second character on eachof
49、 the second and third rows from the top left-hand and topright-hand corners.9.15 Report the average of twenty measurements, five ineach area.9.16 Repeat the procedure in 9.1 9.15 for each additionalsample. Values for smudge may be dependent on how longafter the rubbing measurements are taken. To minimize thisvariable, make all measurements of each sample an equal timeafter rubbing.9.17 For the evaluation of abrasion, measure the opticaldensity of images before and after rubbing in accordance with11.1.2 of Practice F1443.9.18 OptionalOther t
