1、定语从句,The Attributive Clause,But the people in the city, _ _ went to sleep as usual that night.,It was heard in Beijing, _,who thought little of these events,which is more than 200 kilometers away.,A huge crack _ _ cut across houses, roads and canals.,The number of people _ _ reached more than 400,00
2、0.,that was eight kilometers long and thirty meters wide,who were killed or injured,1. Whats attribute?(什么是定语？） Her mother is an excellent manager working in a trade company which is located in the south of the city All that I say is not right. 修饰或限定名词或代词的成分叫定语。 2.Whats a clause(什么是从句?) I wonder whe
3、n he will come. What matters is that you should take action. 在复合句中充当成分的含引导词的主谓结构叫从句。 从句只是复合句中的一个成分，不能独立存在。,The Attributive Clause （定语从句）,3.Whats an attributive clause?（什么是定语从句？） 4.Wahts antecedent（什么是先行词?） 5.whats a relative word?(什么是关系词?) God helps those who help themselves. He who laughs last laug
4、hs best. I cycle to school, which does good to my health.在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句（限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句）。 被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词 (名词,代词或整个句子) 引导定语从句的词叫关系词（关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that，as等。关系副词： when, where, why等）意义上指代先行词，起联系作用，同时又作从句中的一个成分。,The Attributive Clause （定语从句）,There was an earthquake which happene
5、d in Tangshan in 1976.,先行词：,关系词,1.The man _came to our school is Mr. Wang. 2.The girl _ I met is Lucy. 3.A child _parents / the parents of whom/of whom the parents are dead is called Tom. 4.I like the book _was bought yesterday. 5. Well never forget the days _ we played together. 6.I slept in the ro
6、om _ he had lived. 7. I have a room _window/_ is big 8. I will do it in this way _ you used. 9. Ill do it in this way _ you solved the problem.,who/that,whom/ that/ who/ /,whose,that/which,when/ during which,where /in which,whose,6.What relative word should be chosen?如何选用关系词？,the window of which /of
7、 which the window,that/which/,in which/that/,_ we know, pollution is becoming increasingly serious. Pollution is becoming increasingly serious, _ is known to us. Many people drive cars, _ causes heavy traffic. I have the same book _ you do. I know about the situation _ they often gossip about you. T
8、he reason _ he was late was that he was caught in a heavy rain. The reason _ was given was that he was caught in a heavy rain.,6.What relative word should be chosen?如何选用关系词？,As,as,which,as,where /in which,why/for which,which/that,6.What relative word should be chosen?（如何选用关系词？） 先行词是“人” ，且从句中缺主语，则选用
9、who/that。 先行词是“人” ，且从句中缺宾语，则选用 whom/that/who(口语中)。 先行词是“物” ，且从句中缺主语，则选用 which/that。 先行词是“物” ，且从句中缺宾语，则选用 which/that/。 先行词是“人或物” ,且从句中可加入定语(先行词与从句名次有所属关系,则选用whose或the +n+ of which/whom /of which +the +n. 。 先行词是“时间” 或occasion且从句中可加入状语/介宾，则选用 when/ 介词+which。 先行词是“地点” 或point，case，stage， condition，situat
10、ion等，且从句中可加入状语/介宾，则选用 where/ 介词+which。 先行词是“way” ，且从句中可加入状语/介宾，则选用 in which/that/。,先行词是“reason” ，且从句中可加入状语/介宾，则选用why/for which. 注意：who可代替whom， 但介词后不能用who代替whom. The girl with whom you talked is my sister.,6.What relative word should be chosen?如何选用关系词,若关系词指代句子内容，则选用 as(常有“正如”意）或which(which 从句不放主句前） 若
11、先行词被such, so, as, the same 修饰，且从句缺少成分，则选用as 注意： He is such a kind man/so kind a man that we all like him. He is such a kind man as we all like. He is not so/as kind a man as we all like. I have the same English teacher that he does.I wear the same coat as he does.,我与他有同一个英语老师,我跟他穿同一样的外套,不充当成分，引导结果状语
12、从句,在从句中充当成分，引导定语从句,7.如何确定介词,I bought the atlas, _ which I spent all my money. The glasses, _ which I seem blind, are gone. This official _ you talked is my father. He works in this factory _ we will visit. He works in this factory _ we worked. Ill never forget the day _ we spent together. Ill never
13、forget the day _ we met for the first time.,定语从句中是否选用介词或如何选用介词：可把先行词代入从句与动词搭配或根据从句意思来定。如：I seem blind without the glasses/visit the factory/work in the factory/ spent the day/ met on the day.,on,without,to/with/about whom,/,where/in which,/,when/on which,1.在定语从句中考查主谓一致 I, who am a student, can also
14、contributes to it. He is one of the students that have won the speech competition. He is the only one of the students that has won the speech competition. 2.用一般疑问句考查是否缺先行词 Is this the book _ you bought? Is this book _ you bought? A. that B. one C. who D. the one 3.加入插入语考 The boy _ I think worked har
15、d failed in the exam. A. whom B. who C. which D. what,注意点,A,D,B,4.在强调句中放进被强调部分来考 Was it in the park_ you often went_ you took the picture? Was it in the park_ you often went to _ you took the picture? A. where; that B. which; that C. that; where D. where; which 5.把词组中的名词拿出来当先行词考,用代入法做。 The use that
16、we made of time to study is good. She bravely faced the difficulty she had _ her English. A. studying B. studied C. to study D. been studying 6.与同位语从句的区别 The news _ you told me is important. The news _ our team won is important.A. that B. that/which/,A,同位语从句,定语从句,A,B,A,B,7.与地点状语从句的区别 Make a mark _ y
17、ou have any question. A. that B. at which C / D. where Make a mark at the place_ you have any question. A. that B. at which C / D. where 8.与强调句的区别 It was a park _ we met. It was in a park _ we met. A. that B. in which C / D. where,D,B/D,含地点状语从句,含定语从句,强调句,含定语从句,B/D,A,1当先行词前有序数词，形容词最高级，或限定词：the only，t
18、he same，the last, the very 等修饰时，只用that，不用 which,3)This is the only gift _I have got from him.,1.在定语从句中，只用 that 不用 which 的情况,that,1)This is my first trip _I have made in my life.,2)The most beautiful place _he has visited is Guilin.,that,that,4) It is the very pen _ I am looking for.,5) The last plac
19、e _they visited in China was Mount Hua.,that,that,6)This is the very book _ belongs to him.,that,注意点：,2当先行词为或含不定代词时，如：anything， all，no, some, every, everything， nothing， none，much， little等词时，只用that，不用which,3当有两个以上的先行词，且先行词中有人也有物 时，只用that， 不用which。,that,that,1. She took away everything _belongs to he
20、r.,The old man talked about the persons and things _he could remember.,2.You can borrow any book _ you want to read.,The writer and his novel _ you talked about just now are really well known.,that,that,3.Im sure she has something _ you can borrow.,that,4. Ive read all the books_ I borrowed from Bet
21、ty.,that,Who is the girl _spoke to you just now?Which is the car _was made in China?,4.当主句以who 或which 开头时, 只用that, 不用which或who：,that,that,5主句以here, there开头时。 Here is the hotel _ you have been looking for?Ther is a seat in the corner _ is still not taken. 6关系词在从句中作表语时 The machine isnt the machine tha
22、t it was 10 years ago.,that,that,(1) 介词+which/whom。 There are many trees _ they can have a rest.This is the ring _ she spent 1000 dollars. I talked with the man about whom you talked.,2、不用that的情况,(2) 在非限制性定语从句中。 Football, _ is a very popular game, is played all over the world.Mandela, _ fought for b
23、lack people， is famous.,under which,on which,which,who,(3)先行词是that，those时， 指人用who，指物用which That which was mentioned is important. Those which you bought are valuable. Luck favors those who are well prepared.,Tell restrictive attributive clause from non-restrictive attributive clause,People who take
24、physical exercise live longer. His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week.,进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。(若把从句去掉句子就失去意义),他女儿现在在波士顿，下星期回来。(若把从句去掉，句子意义仍然完整),修饰限定先行词范围的定语从句是限制性定语从句。 补充说明某个先行词或某个句子的定语从句是非限制性定语从句，如果去掉这个从句，主句意思仍然清楚。这种从句与主句之间用逗号隔开，不用that引导。关系词不能省略。,区别一：形式不同 限定性定语从句主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开，口语中使用时也不停顿
25、；而非限定性定语从句与主句之间通常有逗号隔开，口语中使用时有停顿。,区别二：功能不同 限定性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别，如果去掉，就会造成句意不完整或概念不清；而非限定性定语从句用于对先行词起补充说明作用，如果省略，句意仍然清楚、完整。如：People who take physical exercise live longer. 进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。(若把从句去掉句子就失去意义)His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week. 他女儿现在在波士顿，下星期回来。(若把从句去句子意义仍然完整),区
26、别三：翻译不同 在翻译定语从句时，一般把限定性定语从句翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前，而把非限定性定语从句与主句分开。如： He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是汽车被窃的那个人。 Ive invited Jim, who lives in the next flat. 我邀请了吉姆，他就住在隔壁,区别四：含义不同 比较下面的两个句子： I have a sister who is a doctor. 我有一个医生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一个) I have a sister, who is a doctor. 我有一个姐姐，她是当医生的。(只有一个姐姐),区别五
27、：先行词不同 限定性定语从句的先行词只能是名词或代词，而非限定性定语从句的先行词则可以是名词或代词，也可以是短语或句子；另外，当先行词为专有名词或其他具有独一无二性的普通名词时，通常要用非限制性定语从句，而不用限制性定语从句。如： Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 彼得开车很快，这是很危险的。(which指drive too fast) He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改变了主意，这使我很生气。(which指整个主句) Mr. Smith, who is our boss, wi
28、ll leave for Japan next week. 我们的老板史密斯先生下周要去日本。(先行词为专有名词，要用非限制性定语从句修饰) Her father, who has a lot of money, wishes her to study abroad. 她父亲很有钱，希望她出国学习。(先行词为表独一无二意义的普通名词，要用非限制性定语从句修饰),区别六：关系词不同关系词that和why可用于限制性定语从句中，通常不用于非限制性定语从句；另外，在限制性定语从句中，关系词有时可以省略(参见本章有关内容)，而在非限制性定语从句中关系词一律不省略。,3. 表所有关系及整体中的一部分或全
29、部时，用介 词of, 有时可用whose转换。1) Im painting a house, the roof _ is round.,Im painting a house _ is round.,2) They live in a house, _ windows face south.,They live in a house, the windows _ face south.,of which,whose,of which,whose roof,If the antecedent is sb and a subject is needed in the clause, we choo
30、se,1.Then, later that afternoon, another big quake _ _shookTangshan. 2.The army organized teams to dig out those _.,which was almost as strong as the first one,who were trapped and to bury the dead,Some sentences with atrributive clause in the text,a boy， has a scar， forehead,Harry Porter is a boy _
31、 _.,who/that has a scar on his forehead,The use of attributive clause,Which house is mine?,The house _ is mine.,whose roof is brown,My house,Beckham is a footballplayer.He is handsome.,Beckham is a football player, _.,who is handsome,Beckham, _, is a football player.,who is handsome,关系代词:,1. who指人,
32、作主语、宾语 和表语 (作宾语可省略）,You cant wake up a person who is pretending to be asleep.,I like musicians who play different kinds of music.,2. whom指人,作宾语 (作宾语可省略,如介词提前则不能省),The man (whom/who) I talked to is Mr. Li.,The man to whom I talked is Mr. Li.,The man who you met just now is my uncle.,3. Who / whom 作表语
33、,John is no longer the boy who he used to be.,4. whose 作定语,I know the girl whose mother is a famous doctor.,5. that 指人或物,作主语、宾语或表语 (作宾语可省略）,A plane is a machine that / which can fly.,China is no longer the old China that it used to be.,6. which 指物，作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略, 如介词提前则不能省),The man that (who / whom
34、)you met just now is my uncle.,These are the trees which were planted last year.,The cakes which my mum cooked were tasty.,Is this the library (which) you borrow books from?Is this the library from which you borrow books?,关系副词:,1. when 在从句中作时间状语,Ill never forget the day when we met for the first tim
35、e.,The story happened on the day when he was born.,2. Where 在从句中作地点状语,This is the place where I lived 5 years ago.,He showed me the building where his father worked.,3. Why 在从句中作原因状语,I dont know the reason why he is alwayslate for school. This is the reason why we must go earlier.,Guessing game.,Des
36、cribe sb or sth using one, two or three sentences with attributive clauses and let other students guess who it is. e.g She is a girl that- The student who- is a person that- My friend is a boy/a student/girl/-,关系代词,that,who,whom,whose,which,在句子中的作用,指代作用 (看先行词）,主语、宾语或表语,指人或指物,主语、宾语（口语或非正式文体）或表语,指人（可与
37、 that 互换）,宾语（动宾或介宾）,指人,定语,指人或指物,主语或宾语,指物（有时可与that 互换）,关系副词,When (介词+which),Where (介词+ which),why (for which),在句子中的作用,指代 （看先行词）,时间状语,时间名词或occasion,地点状语,地点名词或point, case, situation, condition, stage, etc.,原因状语,指代原因,3、只用who不用that的情况,One _ has nothing to fear dares to tell the truth. The ones _ laugh at
38、 the disabled are not good students. Anyone _ fails to finish the task should be punished. Those _ want to go to The Great Wall sigh up here.,who,who,who,who,先行词是one, ones, anyone, those 且指人时用who.,一、that和which用法的区别,(1) 先行词为all, everything, nothing, something,anything, little, much 等不定代词时。,I am sure
39、she has something _ you can borrow.,(2)先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much等修饰时。,Ive read all the books _ you lend me.,1、只能用that不用which的情况,(that),that,Do you have anything _ you dont understand?,(that),Please send us any information _ you have about the subject.,that,(3)先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。,This i
40、s the first book _ he has read.,(that),It is the most beautiful city _ Ive ever seen.,that,(4)先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时。,This is the very book _ belongs to him.,that,He is the only person _ was present at the time.,that,(6) 先行词是who或which引导的主句。 Who is the girl _ drove the car?,主句以there be 引导时。 There are more than 400,000 people _ died or were injured in the earthquake. 关系词在从句中作表语时 The machine isnt the machine that it was 10 years ago.,(5)先行词既有人又有物时。,The famous writer and his works _ the radio broadcast are popular to the students.,that,that,that,
