1、BSI Standards Publication PD ISO/TR 14786:2014 Nanotechnologies Considerations for the development of chemical nomenclature for selected nano-objectsPD ISO/TR 14786:2014 PUBLISHED DOCUMENT National foreword This Published Document is the UK implementation of ISO/TR 14786:2014. The UK participation i
2、n its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee NTI/1, Nanotechnologies. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its co
3、rrect application. The British Standards Institution 2014. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2014 ISBN 978 0 580 73067 2 ICS 07.030 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and
4、 Strategy Committee on 28 February 2014. Amendments issued since publication Date Text affectedPD ISO/TR 14786:2014 ISO 2014 Nanotechnologies Considerations for the development of chemical nomenclature for selected nano- objects Nanotechnologies Considrations concernant le dveloppement de la nomencl
5、ature chimique de nano-objets choisis TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 14786 First edition 2014-02-01 Reference number ISO/TR 14786:2014(E)PD ISO/TR 14786:2014ISO/TR 14786:2014(E)ii ISO 2014 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2014 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of
6、this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in
7、 the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in SwitzerlandPD ISO/TR 14786:2014ISO/TR 14786:2014(E) ISO 2014 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword iv Intro
8、duction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references 1 3 T erms and definitions . 1 4 Abbreviated terms 2 5 Nomenclature 3 5.1 Nomenclature defined . 3 5.2 Chemical nomenclature . 3 5.3 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) chemical nomenclature . 3 5.4 Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) c
9、hemical nomenclature 4 6 Chemical nomenclature systems for nano-objects and other relevant approaches 4 7 Survey of nano-objects . 5 7.1 General . 5 7.2 Selection of public listings of nano-objects 6 7.3 Ranking of surveyed nano-objects . 7 7.4 Ranking results . 8 8 Considerations for a nomenclature
10、 system for nano-objects .11 8.1 General 11 8.2 General considerations for chemical nomenclature for nano-objects .12 8.3 Features of interest reported through ISO/TC 229 survey mechanism .12 8.4 Further identification and discussion of key features of nano-objects .15 8.5 Illustrations of possible
11、chemical nomenclature approaches for selected nano-objects 15 8.6 Supplemental features of a chemical nomenclature system for nano-objects .16 9 Coordination and timing .19 Annex A (informative) General nomenclature systems .21 Annex B (informative) S elect ed nano-object-specific nomenclatur e s y
12、st ems .24 Annex C (informative) Selected public listings of nano-objects 26 Bibliography .36PD ISO/TR 14786:2014ISO/TR 14786:2014(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing In
13、ternational Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison
14、with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directi
15、ves, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility that some
16、 of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarat
17、ions received (see www.iso.org/patents). Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement. For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information abo
18、ut ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 229, Nanotechnologies.iv ISO 2014 All rights reservedPD ISO/TR 14786:2014ISO/TR 14786:2014(E) Introducti
19、on For the purposes of this Technical Report, the term nomenclature refers to the name and a minimum set of descriptors which are uniquely assigned to a particular nano-object entity or complex. Advanced measurement and instrumentation allows us to “see” at the nanoscale. Measurement tools and techn
20、iques are improving our ability to distinguish among nano-objects with the same chemical composition, but which behave differently, based on differences in size, shape or surface functionalization. Yet, the application of established chemical nomenclature systems to describe differences among nano-o
21、bjects with the same chemical composition has limitations. For the research and development community, including academia, nomenclature assists in the communication of properties, effects and other relationships or interactions between nano-objects. It also enables effective communication regarding
22、the specific nano-object, which facilitates repeatability of experimental data by other scientists, replication by manufacturers, and application for and protection of patents. For industry and consumer groups, specific names to distinguish nano-objects allow differentiation between products, facili
23、tate patent applications and protect intellectual property rights. Regulators rely on chemical nomenclature to characterize chemical substance and manage the associated environmental and health risks, if and where applicable. This Technical Report presents an initial effort to support new work Item
24、proposals to pursue chemical nomenclature that is specifically tailored to nano-objects. It identifies categories of nano-objects which could require distinct nomenclature models and discusses essential descriptors to support nano- object nomenclature conventions. A future consideration will be to d
25、ecide whether to undertake the development of a searchable information system capable of cataloguing a sizable library of names and structural features. This Report also makes recommendations concerning collaboration with existing chemical nomenclature organisations. Finally, this Technical Report c
26、onsiders how the development of nomenclature models for nano-objects will keep pace with and incorporate new science and terminology. It should be understood that the term “nanomaterials” is broadly defined by ISO to encompass “nano- objects” and “nanostructured materials”. In the future, considerat
27、ion will be given to chemical and nonchemical nomenclature for classes of nanostructured materials, devices and systems at the nanoscale, and strategic application areas. ISO 2014 All rights reserved vPD ISO/TR 14786:2014PD ISO/TR 14786:2014Nanotechnologies Considerations for the development of chem
28、ical nomenclature for selected nano-objects 1 Scope This Technical Report is intended to provide information and analyses in support of the development of chemical nomenclature for the naming of “nano-objects”. “Nano-objects” have been defined in ISO/TS 80004-1:2010 to mean “materials with one, two,
29、 or three external dimensions in the nanoscale”, with the nanoscale defined as the “size range from approximately 1 nm to 100 nm”. Nano-objects are further defined as nanoplates, nanofibres, and nanoparticles. More specifically, the nano-objects that are the subject of this Technical Report are disc
30、rete chemical entities rather than devices or mixtures (preparations). The nano-objects discussed in this Technical Report are not intended to constitute an exhaustive list. This Technical Report is intended to facilitate communications between developers and potential users of nomenclature includin
31、g academia, industry, government and non-governmental organizations. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced do
32、cument (including any amendments) applies. ISO/TS 27687:2008, Nanotechnologies Terminology and definitions for nano-objects Nanoparticle, nanofibre and nanoplate ISO/TS 80004-1:2010, Nanotechnologies Vocabulary Part 1: Core terms ISO/TS 80004-3:2010, Nanotechnologies Vocabulary Part 3: Carbon nano-o
33、bjects ISO/TS 80004-4:2011, Nanotechnologies Vocabulary Part 4: Nanostructured materials 3 T erms a nd definiti ons For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/TS 27687, ISO/TS 80004-1, ISO/TS 80004-3, ISO/TS 80004-4 and the following apply. 3.1 carbon nanotube CNT nano
34、tube composed of carbon Note 1 to entry: Carbon nanotubes usually consist of curved graphene layers, including single-wall carbon nanotubes and multiwall carbon nanotubes. SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-3:2010, definition 4.3 3.2 fullerene molecule composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form
35、 a closed cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with 12 five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings Note 1 to entry: Adapted from the definition in the IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology. TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 14786:2014(E) ISO 2014 All rights reserved 1PD ISO/TR 14786:2014ISO/TR 14
36、786:2014(E) Note 2 to entry: A well-known example is C 60,which has a spherical shape with an external dimension of about 1 nm. SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-3:2010, definition 3.1 3.3 nano-object material with one, two or three external dimensions in the nanoscale Note 1 to entry: Generic term for all discr
37、ete nanoscale objects. SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-1:2010, definition 2.5 3.4 nanoscale size range from approximately 1 nm to 100 nm Note 1 to entry: Properties that are not extrapolations from a larger size will typically, but not exclusively, be exhibited in this size range. For such properties the size
38、limits are considered appropriate. Note 2 to entry: The lower limit in this definition (approximately 1 nm) is introduced to avoid single and small groups of atoms from being designated as nano-objects or elements of nanostructures, which might be implied by the absence of a lower limit. SOURCE: ISO
39、/TS 80004-1:2010, definition 2.1 3.5 quantum dot crystalline nanoparticle that exhibits size-dependent properties due to quantum confinement effects on the electronic states SOURCE: ISO/TS 27687:2008, definition 4.7 4 Abbreviated terms CAS Chemical Abstracts Service CAS RN Chemicals Abstracts Servic
40、e Registry Number CNT carbon nanotube DEFRA Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (United Kingdom) DTSC California Department of Toxic Substances Control (United States) DWCNT double-wall carbon nanotube EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency InChI International Chemical Iden
41、tifier IUBMB International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry MWCNT multiwall carbon nanotube NICNAS National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme (Australia) NIST United States National Institute of Standards and Te
42、chnology NMSP Nanoscale Materials Stewardship Program, US EPA (United States)2 ISO 2014 All rights reservedPD ISO/TR 14786:2014ISO/TR 14786:2014(E) OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development OECD WPMN Working Party on Manufactured Nanomaterials (OECD) SMILES Simplified Molecular Inp
43、ut Line Entry Specification SWCNT single-wall carbon nanotube TSCA Toxic Substances Control Act, US EPA (United States) UVCB Unknown or Variable Composition, Complex Reaction Products and Biological Mate- rials 5 Nomenclature 5.1 Nomenclatur e defined The term nomenclature is derived from the Latin
44、root “nomen” whi ch m eans “nam e” , whil e “ clatura” stems from “Calare”, which means to “call” or “summon”. Princeton University defines nomenclature as “a system of words used to name things in a particular discipline” 6 . For the purposes of this report, nomenclature is a system of naming that
45、provides a minimum set of descriptors relevant for the purpose of deriving the name. The name assigned enables its identity to be readily understood. In contrast to nomenclature, terminology (or vocabulary) is a body of terms used in a subject of study or profession, etc. Often loosely referred to a
46、s “nomenclature”, terminology is in fact a list of terms and definitions that ensures a common understanding of the language used in a particular field. An example of terminology would be the definition of the term nanoparticle which has been formally adopted by ISO to mean “a nano-object with all t
47、hree external dimensions in the nanoscale.” 5.2 Chemical nomenclature When naming organic chemical compounds, for example, rules are based on naming the chemicals parent structure, as well as the chemical groups attached to the parent structure and their relative positioning. For Compound A (below),
48、 the structure is named by first identifying the parent structure (i.e. pentane) and then identifying the substituent group (i.e. -methyl), and its relative position (i.e. attached to the 3rd of 5 carbons in the parent chain). The resulting name for this compound is 3-methyl pentane. A shift of the
49、methyl group to a neighbouring carbon on the parent chain results in a different chemical structure and the name, 2-methyl pentane (Compound B). 5.3 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) chemical nomenclature IUPAC has developed and still is expanding a system of rules for chemical nomenclature. In the highly specialized field of chemical nomenclature, IUPAC serves to advance worldwide aspects of the chemical sciences. It develops and provides nomenclature systems which allow chemical compounds to be na
