1、Cementing Shallow Water Flow Zones in Deepwater WellsAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 65FIRST EDITION, SEPTEMBER 2002ERRATA, AUGUST 2003REAFFIRMED, JANUARY 2012Cementing Shallow Water Flow Zones in Deepwater WellsUpstream SegmentAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 65FIRST EDITION, SEPTEMBER 2002ERRATA, AUGUST 2003REAF
2、FIRMED, JANUARY 2012SPECIAL NOTESAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to partic-ular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.API is not undertaking to meet the duties of employers, manufacturers, or suppliers towarn
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7、ment telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is published annually and updated quar-terly by API, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.This document was produced under API standardization procedures that ensure appropri-ate notication and participation in the dev
8、elopmental process and is designated as an APIstandard. Questions concerning the interpretation of the content of this standard or com-ments and questions concerning the procedures under which this standard was developedshould be directed in writing to the standardization manager, American Petroleum
9、 Institute,1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. Requests for permission to reproduce ortranslate all or any part of the material published herein should also be addressed to the gen-eral manager.API standards are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineer-ing an
10、d operating practices. These standards are not intended to obviate the need for apply-ing sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these standards should beutilized. The formulation and publication of API standards is not intended in any way toinhibit anyone from using any other practices
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13、, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.Copyright 2002 American Petroleum InstituteFOREWORDUnless indicated otherwise, laboratory procedures referenced in this document are per-formed according to API recommended practices on equipment that has been calibratedaccording to guidelines in the app
14、ropriate API recommended practice. This document has been prepared with input from operators, drilling contractors, servicecompanies, consultants and regulators. It is based on experiences in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico.Users in other deepwater basins may use the document with appropriate modications to
15、meet their conditions. The document focus is on the drilling and cementing of casings in theshallow sediments of deepwater wells in which highly permeable and over-pressured sandsare found. These over-pressured sands frequently lead to ows of water during drilling andcasing operations and after ceme
16、nting. Such ows can have very costly and catastrophicresults if not controlled. The body of the document discusses pertinent points relating to siteselection, drilling and cementing the large diameter casing strings placed in this environ-ment. A number of “best practices“ have been developed by tho
17、se involved in constructingwells in deep water and are discussed throughout the text. In addition, appendices deal withsome specic aspects of the process, including drilling practices, cementing process andinterpretation of the shallow ow risk.As this document has been a team effort, so must the dri
18、lling and casing of the shallowsediments where there is risk of shallow water ows (SWF). All parties involved must beworking and communicating together to ensure the successful construction of the conductorand surface casings through the shallow hazards.API publications may be used by anyone desirin
19、g to do so. Every effort has been made bythe Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, theInstitute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publicationand hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for los
20、s or damage resultingfrom its use or for the violation of any federal, state, or municipal regulation with which thispublication may conict.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the standardization manager,American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005
21、.iiiCONTENTSPage1 SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Hazards. . . . . . .
22、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 Best Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 SITE SELECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 DRILL
24、ING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 FLOW CONTROL AND SEVERITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.1 Flow Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.2 Flow Severity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 FLUID PROPERTIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.1 G
26、eneral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.2 Sacricial or Cut Mud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.3 Pad Mud (Fluid left in hole prior to cementing) . . . . . .
27、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.4 Settable Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.5 Rat Hole Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 WELLBORE
28、 PREPARATION AND CONDITIONING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.2 Well Preparation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29、. . . . . . . . . . . 68.3 Lost Circulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES AND GOOD CEMENTING PRACTICES. . . . . . 69.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.2 Casing Hardware/Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.3 Pipe Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810 MUD REMOVAL AND PLACEMENT TE
31、CHNIQUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810.2 Displacement Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810.3 S
32、pacers/Flushes/Sweeps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810.4 Pumping Schedules/Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911 CEMENT SLURRY DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911.2 Base Cement Compositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1111.3 Cement Formulation and Prop
34、erties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1211.4 Cement Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1311.5 Cement Volumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35、. . . . . . . 1411.6 Laboratory testing and results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1411.7 Temperature Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1412 PRE-JOB PREPARATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15vCONTENTSPage13 HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1514 CEMENT JOB EXECUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1514.1 Cement mixing a
37、nd displacement parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1514.2 Data Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1614.3 On-Site Fluids Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38、 . . . . . . . . . 1615 ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS AND PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1615.1 Cementing with a Riser Installed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1615.2 Contingency Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1616 POST CEMENTING OPERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1716.1 Post-Job Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1716.2 Annular Sealing . . . . . . . . . . .
40、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1716.3 Clean-out/removal of excess cement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1716.4 Waiting-on-Cement (WOC) Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1716.5 Pre
41、ssure Testing Casing Shoes/Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1817 REMEDIATION OF FLOWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1918 BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19APPENDIX A SHALLOW WATER FLOW INTERPRETATION GUIDE . . . . . . . . . 23APPENDIX B DRILLING PRACTICES TO REDUCE RISK OF SHALLOWWATER FLOWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25APPENDIX C PROCESS FOR SUCCESSFULLY CEMEN
43、TING CASING HAVING SHALLOW WATER FLOW POTENTIAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27APPENDIX D FOAMED CEMENT INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31APPENDIX E PRE-JOB PREPARATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35APPENDIX F CEMENTING MATRIX . . .
44、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37APPENDIX G MECHANICAL ISOLATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41FiguresG-1 Example of Typical Wellhead With Mechanical Isolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41G-2 Example of Typical We
45、llhead Congurations With Mechanical Isolation . . . . . . 42Tables1 Typical Cementing Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13A-1 Instructions for Completion of Key Cementing Parameters for Shallow Water Flow Hazards in Deep Water . . . . . . . .
46、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37A-2 Key Cementing Parameters for Shallow Water Flow Hazards in Deep Water . . . 39vi1Cementing Shallow Water Flow Zones in Deepwater Wells1 Scope1.1 FLOWSThis document is the compilation of technology and prac-tices used by many operators drilling wells i
47、n deep water. In anumber of cases, there is not a single way of performing aspecic operation. In some cases, several options may belisted, but in others there may be practices which are success-ful, but which are not listed in this document. This documentis not meant to limit innovation.In wells dri
48、lled in deep ocean waters, water ows fromshallow formations can compromise the hydraulic integrity ofthe tophole section. Modes of failure include: (1) poor isola-tion by cement resulting in casing buckling/shear; (2) pres-sure communication to other shallow formations causingthem to be overpressure
49、d; and (3) disturbance of the seaoordue to breakthrough of the shallow ow to the mudline. Suchdamage can and has resulted in the complete loss of drillingtemplates containing previously cased wells. Additionally,such shallow ow can result in changes in the state of stressin the tophole section, possibly resulting to damage to exist-ing casings in the present or adjacent wells later in the life ofthe well.Flows from these shallow formations are frequently aresult of abnormally high pore pressure resulting from under-compacted and over-pressured sands caused by rapid deposi
