1、ACI 351.3R-04 became effective May 3, 2004.Copyright 2004, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by anymeans, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic ormechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or rec
2、ording for sound or visual reproduc-tion or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission inwriting is obtained from the copyright proprietors.1ACI Committee Reports, Guides, Manuals, and Commentariesare intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing,and inspecti
3、ng construction. This document is intended for theuse of individuals who are competent to evaluate thesignificance and limitations of its content and recommendationsand who will accept responsibility for the application of thematerial it contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaimsany and all
4、 responsibility for the stated principles. The Instituteshall not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contractdocuments. If items found in this document are desired by theArchitect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, theysha
5、ll be restated in mandatory language for incorporation bythe Architect/Engineer.ACI 351.3R-04(Reapproved 2011)This report presents to industry practitioners the various design criteriaand methods and procedures of analysis, design, and construction appliedto dynamic equipment foundations.Keywords: a
6、mplitude; concrete; foundation; reinforcement; vibration.CONTENTSChapter 1Introduction, p. 21.1Background1.2Purpose1.3Scope1.4NotationChapter 2Foundation and machine types, p. 42.1General considerations2.2Machine types2.3Foundation typesChapter 3Design criteria, p. 73.1Overview of design criteria3.2
7、Foundation and equipment loads3.3Dynamic soil properties3.4Vibration performance criteria3.5Concrete performance criteria3.6Performance criteria for machine-mounting systems3.7Method for estimating inertia forces from multi-cylinder machinesChapter 4Design methods and materials, p. 264.1Overview of
8、design methods4.2Impedance provided by the supporting media4.3Vibration analysis4.4Structural foundation design and materials4.5Use of isolation systems4.6Repairing and upgrading foundations4.7Sample impedance calculationsChapter 5Construction considerations, p. 535.1Subsurface preparation and impro
9、vement5.2Foundation placement tolerances5.3Forms and shores5.4Sequence of construction and construction joints5.5Equipment installation and setting5.6Grouting5.7Concrete materials5.8Quality controlWilliam L. Bounds*Erick Larson Andrew Rossi*Anthony J. SmalleyWilliam D. Brant Fred G. Louis Robert L.
10、Rowan, Jr.Philip A. SmithShu-jin Fang Jack Moll William E. Rushing, Jr. W. Tod SuttonShraddhakar Harsh Ira W. Pearce Abdul Hai Sheikh F. Alan WileyCharles S. Hughes*Members of the editorial subcommittee.Chair of subcommittee that prepared this report.Past Chair.James P. Lee*ChairYelena S. Golod*Secr
11、etaryFoundations for Dynamic EquipmentReported by ACI Committee 351351.3R-2 ACI COMMITTEE REPORTChapter 6References, p. 351.3R-576.1Referenced standards and reports6.2Cited references6.3Software sources and other references6.4TerminologyCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1.1BackgroundHeavy machinery with reciproc
12、ating, impacting, or rotatingmasses requires a support system that can resist dynamicforces and the resulting vibrations. When excessive, suchvibrations may be detrimental to the machinery, its supportsystem, and any operating personnel subjected to them.Many engineers with varying backgrounds are e
13、ngaged inthe analysis, design, construction, maintenance, and repair ofmachine foundations. Therefore, it is important that theowner/operator, geotechnical engineer, structural engineer,and equipment supplier collaborate during the designprocess. Each of these participants has inputs and concernstha
14、t are important and should be effectively communicatedwith each other, especially considering that machine foundationdesign procedures and criteria are not covered in buildingcodes and national standards. Some firms and individualshave developed their own standards and specifications as aresult of r
15、esearch and development activities, field studies,or many years of successful engineering or constructionpractices. Unfortunately, most of these standards are notavailable to many practitioners. As an engineering aid tothose persons engaged in the design of foundations formachinery, the committee de
16、veloped this document, whichpresents many current practices for dynamic equipmentfoundation engineering and construction.1.2PurposeThe committee presents various design criteria andmethods and procedures of analysis, design, and constructioncurrently applied to dynamic equipment foundations byindust
17、ry practitioners.This document provides general guidance with referencematerials, rather than specifying requirements for adequatedesign. Where the document mentions multiple designmethods and criteria in use, factors, which may influence thechoice, are presented.1.3ScopeThis document is limited in
18、scope to the engineering,construction, repair, and upgrade of dynamic equipmentfoundations. For the purposes of this document, dynamicequipment includes the following:1. Rotating machinery;2. Reciprocating machinery; and3. Impact or impulsive machinery.1.4NotationC = damping matrixK = stiffness matr
19、ixK* = impedance with respect to CGk = reduced stiffness matrixkj = battered pile stiffness matrixM = mass matrixm = reduced mass matrixT = transformation matrix for battered pileir = matrix of interaction factors between anytwo piles with diagonal terms ii= 1A = displacement amplitudeAhead, Acrank=
20、 head and crank areas, in.2(mm2)Ap= cross-sectional area of the pilea, b = plan dimensions of a rectangular foundationao= dimensionless frequencyBc= cylinder bore diameter, in. (mm)Bi= mass ratio for the i-th directionBr= ram weight, tons (kN)b1, b2= 0.425 and 0.687, Eq. (4.15d)cgi= damping of pile
21、group in the i-th directionci= damping constant for the i-th directionci*(adj) = damping in the i-th direction adjusted formaterial dampingcij= equivalent viscous damping of pile j in thei-th directionDi= damping ratio for the i-th directionDrod= rod diameter, in. (mm)d = pile diameterdn= nominal bo
22、lt diameter, in. (m)ds= displacement of the slide, in. (mm)Ep= Youngs modulus of the pileem= mass eccentricity, in. (mm)ev= void ratioF = time varying force vectorF1= correction factorFblock= the force acting outwards on the block fromwhich concrete stresses should be calcu-lated, lbf (N)(Fbolt)CHG=
23、 the force to be restrained by friction at thecross head guide tie-down bolts, lbf (N)(Fbolt)frame= the force to be restrained by friction at theframe tie-down bolts, lbf (N)FD= damper forceFGMAX= maximum horizontal gas force on a throwor cylinder, lbf (N)FIMAX= maximum horizontal inertia force on a
24、throw or cylinder, lbf (N)Fo= dynamic force amplitude (zero-to-peak),lbf (N)Fr= maximum horizontal dynamic forceFred= a force reduction factor with suggestedvalue of 2, to account for the fraction ofindividual cylinder load carried by thecompressor frame (“frame rigidityfactor”)Frod= force acting on
25、 piston rod, lbf (N)Fs= dynamic inertia force of slide, lbf (N)FTHROW= horizontal force to be resisted by eachthrows anchor bolts, lbf (N)Funbalance= the maximum value from Eq. (3.18)applied using parameters for a horizontalcompressor cylinder, lbf (N)FOUNDATIONS FOR DYNAMIC EQUIPMENT 351.3R-3fi1, f
26、i2= dimensionless stiffness and dampingfunctions for the i-th direction, pilesfm= frequency of motion, Hzfn= system natural frequency (cycles per second)fo= operating speed, rpmG = dynamic shear modulus of the soilGave= the average value of shear modulus of thesoil over the pile lengthGc= the averag
27、e value of shear modulus of thesoil over the critical lengthGE = pile group efficiencyGl= soil shear modulus at tip of pileGpJ=torsional stiffness of the pileGs= dynamic shear modulus of the embedment(side) materialGz= the shear modulus at depth z = lc/4H = depth of soil layerIi= mass moment of iner
28、tia of the machine-foundation system for the i-th directionIp= moment of inertia of the pile cross sectioni =i=a directional indicator or modal indicator,Eq. (4.48), as a subscriptK2= a parameter that depends on void ratio andstrain amplitudeKeff= the effective bearing stiffness, lbf/in. (N/mm)Kij*=
29、 impedance in the i-th direction with respectto motion of the CG in j-th directionKn= nut factor for bolt torqueKuu= horizontal spring constantKu= coupling spring constantK= rocking spring constantk = the dynamic stiffness provided by thesupporting mediakei*= impedance in the i-th direction due toem
30、bedmentkgi= pile group stiffness in the i-th directionki= stiffness for the i-th directionki(adj) = stiffness in the i-th direction adjusted formaterial dampingki*= complex impedance for the i-th directionki*(adj) = impedance adjusted for material dampingkij= stiffness of pile j in the i-th directio
31、nkj= battered pile stiffness matrixkr= stiffness of individual pile considered inisolationkst= static stiffness constantkvj= vertical stiffness of a single pileL = length of connecting rod, in. (mm)LB= the greater plan dimension of the founda-tion block, ft (m)Li= length of the connecting rod of the
32、 crankmechanism at the i-th cylinderl = depth of embedment (effective)lc= critical length of a pilelp= pile lengthMh= hammer mass including any auxiliaryfoundation, lbm (kg)Mr= ram mass including dies and ancillaryparts, lbm (kg)m = mass of the machine-foundation systemmd= slide mass including the e
33、ffects of anybalance mechanism, lbm (kg)mr= rotating mass, lbm (kg)mrec,i= reciprocating mass for the i-th cylindermrot,i= rotating mass of the i-th cylinderms= effective mass of a spring(Nbolt)CHG= the number of bolts holding down onecrosshead guide(Nbolt)frame= the number of bolts holding down the
34、frame, per cylinderNT = normal torque, ft-lbf (m-N)Phead, Pcrank= instantaneous head and crank pressures,psi (Pa)Ps= power being transmitted by the shaft at theconnection, horsepower (kilowatts)R, Ri= equivalent foundation radiusr = length of crank, in. (mm)ri= radius of the crank mechanism of the i
35、-thcylinderro= pile radius or equivalent radiusS = press stroke, in. (mm)Sf= service factor, used to account for increasingunbalance during the service life of themachine, generally greater than or equal to 2Si1, Si2= dimensionless parameters (Table 4.2)s = distance between pilesT = foundation thick
36、ness, ft (m)Tb= bolt torque, lbf-in. (N-m)Tmin= minimum required anchor bolt tensiont =time, sVmax= the maximum allowable vibration, in. (mm)Vs= shear wave velocity of the soil, ft/s (m/s)v = displacement amplitudev = velocity, in./s (cm/s)vh= post-impact hammer velocity, in./s (mm/s)vo= reference v
37、elocity = 18.4 ft/s (5.6 m/s)from a free fall of 5.25 ft (1.6 m)vr= ram impact velocity, ft/s (m/s)W = strain energyWa= equipment weight at anchorage locationWf= weight of the foundation, tons (kN)Wp= bolt preload, lbf (N)Wr= rotating weight, lbf (N)w = soil weight densityX = vector representation o
38、f time-dependentdisplacements for MDOF systemsXi= distance along the crankshaft from thereference origin to the i-th cylinderx, z = the pile coordinates indicated in Fig. 4.9xr, zr= pile location reference distancesyc= distance from the CG to the base supportye= distance from the CG to the level ofe
39、mbedment resistanceyp= crank pin displacement in local Y-axis,in. (mm)1351.3R-4 ACI COMMITTEE REPORTZp= piston displacement, in. (mm)zp= crank pin displacement in local Z-axis, in.(mm) = the angle between a battered pile andvertical = modified pile group interaction factor1= coefficient dependent on
40、 Poissons ratioas given in Table 4.1h= ram rebound velocity relative to impactvelocityi= the phase angle for the crank radius of thei-th cylinder, radij*= complex pile group interaction factor forthe i-thpile to the j-th pileuf= the horizontal interaction factor for fixed-headed piles (no head rotat
41、ion)uH=the horizontal interaction factor due tohorizontal force (rotation allowed)v= vertical interaction coefficient betweentwo pilesH=the rotation due to horizontal forceM= the rotation due to moment = system damping ratioi= rectangular footing coefficients (Richart,Hall, and Woods 1970), i = v, u
42、, or j= coefficient dependent on Poissons ratioas given in Table 4.1, j = 1 to 4m= material damping ratio of the soilp= angle between the direction of the loadingand the line connecting the pile centers = loss angleW = area enclosed by the hysteretic loopir= the elements of the inverted matrix ir1i=
43、 reduced mode shape vector for the i-thmodej= coefficient dependent on Poissons ratioas given in Table 4.1, j = 1 to 4 = pile-soil stiffness ratio (Ep/Gl) = coefficient of friction = Poissons ratio of the soils= Poissons ratio of the embedment (side)material = soil mass density (soil weight density/
44、gravi-tational acceleration)a= Gave/Glc=Gz/Gco= probable confining pressure, lbf/ft2(Pa)i= circular natural frequency for the i-thmodem= circular frequency of motionn= circular natural frequencies of the systemo= circular operating frequency of themachine (rad/s)su, sv= circular natural frequencies
45、of a soil layerin u and v directionsCHAPTER 2FOUNDATION AND MACHINE TYPES2.1General considerationsThe type, configuration, and installation of a foundation orsupport structure for dynamic machinery may depend on thefollowing factors:1. Site conditions such as soil characteristics, topography,seismic
46、ity, climate, and other effects;2. Machine base configuration such as frame size,cylinder supports, pulsation bottles, drive mechanisms,and exhaust ducts;3. Process requirements such as elevation requirementswith respect to connected process equipment and hold-downrequirements for piping;4. Anticipa
47、ted loads such as the equipment static weight,and loads developed during erection, startup, operation,shutdown, and maintenance;5. Erection requirements such as limitations or constraintsimposed by construction equipment, procedures, techniques,or the sequence of erection;6. Operational requirements
48、 such as accessibility, settle-ment limitations, temperature effects, and drainage;7. Maintenance requirements such as temporary access,laydown space, in-plant crane capabilities, and machineremoval considerations;8. Regulatory factors or building code provisions such astied pile caps in seismic zon
49、es;9. Economic factors such as capital cost, useful or antici-pated life, and replacement or repair cost;10. Environmental requirements such as secondarycontainment or special concrete coating requirements; and11. Recognition that certain machines, particularly largereciprocating compressors, rely on the foundation to addstrength and stiffness that is not inherent in the structure ofthe machine.2.2Machine types2.2.1 Rotating machineryThis category includes gasturb
