1、An ACI Technical Publication SYMPOSIUM VOLUME SP-314 Eco-Efficient and Sustainable Concrete Incorporating Recycled Post-Consumer and Industrial Byproducts Editor: Moncef L. NehdiEco-Efficient and Sustainable Concrete Incorporating Recycled Post-Consumer and Industrial Byproducts SP-314 Editor: Monce
2、f L. Nehdi Discussion is welcomed for all materials published in this issue and will appear ten months from this journals date if the discussion is received within four months of the papers print publication. Discussion of material received after specified dates will be considered individually for p
3、ublication or private response. ACI Standards published in ACI Journals for public comment have discussion due dates printed with the Standard. The Institute is not responsible for the statements or opinions expressed in its publications. Institute publications are not able to, nor intended to, supp
4、lant individual training, responsibility, or judgment of the user, or the supplier, of the information presented. The papers in this volume have been reviewed under Institute publication procedures by individuals expert in the subject areas of the papers. Copyright 2017 AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE 3
5、8800 Country Club Dr. Farmington Hills, Michigan 48331 All rights reserved, including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by any electronic or mechanical device, printed or written or oral, or recording for sound or visu
6、al reproduction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors. Printed in the United States of America Editorial production: Aimee Kahaian ISBN-13: 978-1-945487-57-6 First printing, March 2017Preface With increasing
7、 world population and urbanization, the depletion of natural resources and generation of waste materials is becoming a considerable challenge. As the number of humans has exceeded 7 billion people, there are about 1.1 billion vehicles on the road, with 1.7 billion new tires produced and over 1 billi
8、on waste tires generated each year. In the USA, it was estimated in 2011 that 10% of scrap tires was being recycled into new products, and over 50% is being used for energy recovery, while the rest is being discarded into landfills or disposed. The proportion of tires disposed worldwide into landfil
9、ls was estimated at 25% of the total number of waste tires. Likewise, in 2013, Americans generated about 254 million tons of trash. They only recycled and composted about 87 million tons (34.3%) of this material. On average, Americans recycled and composted 1.51 pounds of individual waste generation
10、 of around 4.4 pounds per person per day. In 2011, glass accounted for 5.1 percent of total discarded municipal solid waste in the USA. Moreover, energy production and other sectors are generating substantial amounts of sludge, plastics and other post-consumer and industrial by-products. In the purs
11、uit of its sustainability goals, the construction industry has a potential of beneficiating many such byproducts in applications that could, in some cases, outperform the conventional materials using virgin ingredients. This Special Publication led by the American Concrete Institutes Committee 555 o
12、n recycling is a contribution towards greening concrete through increased use of recycled materials, such as scrap tire rubber, post-consumer glass, reclaimed asphalt pavements, incinerated sludge ash, and recycled concrete aggregate. Advancing knowledge in this area should introduce the use of recy
13、cled materials in concrete for applications never considered before, while achieving desirable performance criteria economically, without compromising the long-term behavior of concrete civil infrastructure. Moncef L. Nehdi EditorTABLE OF CONTENTS SP-3141 Recycling Tire Rubber in Cement-Based Materi
14、als . 1.1 Authors: Mahmoud Reda Taha, Amr S. El-Dieb and Moncef L. Nehdi SP-3142 Analytical Modeling of the Main characteristics of Crumb Rubber Concrete . 2.1 Authors: Osama Youssf, Mohamed A. ElGawady, Julie E. Mills, Xing Ma SP-3143 Dynamic Properties of High Strength Rubberized Concrete 3.1 Auth
15、ors: A. Moustafa and M. A. ElGawady SP-3144 Evaluation of Fly Ash Based Concretes Containing Post-Consumer Glass Aggregates 4.1 Authors: Colter Roskos, Michael Berry, and Jerry Stephens SP-3145 Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement as Aggregate in Portland Cement Concrete 5.1 Authors: Michael Berry, Bethany Ka
16、ppes, and David Schroeder SP-3146 Physical and Mechanical Properties of Mortars Containing Incinerated Sludge Ash and Silica Fume 6.1 Authors: Anant Parghi and M. Shahria Alam SP-3147 Characteristics of Concrete with High Volume Coarse Recycled Concrete Aggregate . 7.1 Authors: Anto Sucic and Medhat
17、 Shehata SP-3148 Fresh, Mechanical, and Durability Characteristics of Self-Consolidating Concrete Incorporating Recycled Concrete Aggregate 8.1 Authors: Yasser Khodair and Bhagiratha Bommareddy SP-3149 Flexural Strength of Reinforced Concrete Beams Incorporating Coarse Recycled Concrete Aggregate .
18、9.1 Authors: Ardavan Yazdanbakhsh, Lawrence C. Bank, and Jonathan Rosena SP-31410 Behavioral Model for Recycled Aggregate Concrete Under Axial Compression . . 10.1 Authors: Mohamed Mahgoub, Amin Jamali and Mohamed Ala Saadeghvaziri SP-31411 Durability of Recycled Aggregate Concrete: A Review .11.1 A
19、uthors: A.M. Said, A. Ayad, E. Talebi and A.C. IlaganSP-31401 1.1 Recycling Tire Rubber in Cement-Based Materials Mahmoud Reda Taha, Amr S. El-Dieb and Moncef L. Nehdi Abstract The disposal of scrap tires has become an international concern. In Canada and the USA, hundreds of thousands of tires have
20、 been stockpiled with some authorities banning its landfill. The construction industry can beneficiate substantial volumes of shredded and crumb tire. This article is an overview of recycling tire rubber in concrete. It is shown that concrete with 20-30 MPa incorporating crumb and chipped tire rubbe
21、r particles can be produced with a tire rubber aggregate replacement content less than 20%. Such a rubcrete can have adequate workability and air content, relatively low compressive strength, tensile strength and modulus of elasticity, high impact strength, high ductility and fracture toughness, and
22、 reasonable freeze-thaw resistance. The major concern with rubcrete is the significant loss of compressive strength and stiffness at high levels of aggregate replacement with tire rubber particles. However, surface treatments to enhance the bond of tire rubber particles to cement paste represent an
23、efficient approach for enhancing the mechanical properties of rubcrete. Replacing coarse and/or fine aggregate with tire rubber particles results in increasing the strain capacity of concrete. Significant increase in material ductility and ability to absorb energy with increasing tire rubber particl
24、e content was reported. It is shown that rubcrete has a clear potential where flexibility and ductility are sought after, for example in tunnel linings, shock barriers, etc. Authors Biography ACI Member Mahmoud M. Reda Taha, Ph.D., P. Eng. is Professor and Chair of the Department of Civil Engineerin
25、g, University of New Mexico, USA. He received his B.Sc. (Honors) and M.Sc. from Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt and Ph.D. from the University of Calgary, Canada. He is a member of ACI 236 (material science), secretary of ACI 241 (nanotechnology), ACI 435 (deflection), and Chairman of ACI 548 (Pol
26、ymers and Adhesives in Concrete). His research interests include infrastructure resilience, structural health monitoring and nanotechnology for structural composites. ACI Member Amr S. EL-Dieb, Ph.D., P. Eng. M. ASCE, M. PCI, is Professor and Chair of the Civil and Environmental Engineering Departme
27、nt, United Arab Emirates University, UAE. He received his B.Sc. (Honors) and M.Sc. from Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt and Ph.D. from the University of Toronto, Canada. He is a member of the fib TG 8.4: Design life and/or replacement cycle, member of the Egyptian code of reinforced concrete stru
28、ctures. His research interests include concrete durability, special types of concrete, reuse and recycling of solid wastes, composite materials for construction and rehabilitation of structures. ACI Member Moncef L. Nehdi is a Professor of civil and environmental engineering at Western University, C
29、anada. He is a member of ACI Committees 224 (Hydraulic Cements), 236 (Material Science), 238 (Rheology of Fresh Concrete), 241 (Nanotechnology) and 555 (Recycling). His current research interests include bio-inspired and nano- modified construction materials, smart materials, concrete durability and
30、 repair, non-destructive testing, sustainability and green construction and infrastructure resilience. Introduction Recycling waste solid materials has been an international concern considering the unprecedented growth of the worlds population, the amount of solid waste generated, and the depletion
31、of waste disposal sites. Scrap tires constitute a large portion of that solid waste and have turned into a worldwide environmental concern. In several countries, scrap tires are being burnt and used as fuel, which is a compromise at best since this practice leads to significant air pollution (Reda T
32、aha et al. 2008). Only a few percentage of scrap tires are being used in or recycled as construction materials. With the world population exceeding 7 billion people, there are roughly 1.1 billion vehicles on the road, with 1.7 billion new tires produced and over 1 billion waste tires generated each
33、year (Forrest and Rapra, 2014). Specifically, for the fate of scrap tires in the USA, it was estimated in 2011 (Forrest and Rapra, 2014) that about 10% of scrap tires M. Reda Taha et al. 1.2 was being recycled into new products, and over 50% is being used for energy recovery (tire-derived fuel (TDF)
34、 oil), while the rest is being discarded into landfills or disposed. Worldwide, the proportion of tires disposed into landfills was estimated at 25% of the total number of waste tires (Forrest and Rapra, 2014). Many states (e.g. Ohio) have banned the landfill disposal of whole tires. Scrap tires are
35、 sometimes illegally dumped in abandoned buildings and on the landscape (Figure 1) and can present even greater public and environmental health risks. To-date, some of the most important initiatives to reduce the environmental impact of waste tires have been taken in Europe. Other parts of the world
36、 are still trying to addressing this issue. For example, in September 2010, Chinas Ministry of Industry and Information published a new strategic policy document that outlines the future of the countrys tire industry (Forrest and Rapra, 2014). In addition to the ever growing shortage of waste dispos
37、al sites, stockpiling of scrap tires in landfills can create health and environmental hazards. Possible fires of scrap tires in landfills are an additional reason for banning landfilling of scrap tires (Brown et al. 2001). Figure 1: Examples of uncontrolled disposal of scrap tires (http:/ A tire is
38、a composite of plies of rubber elastomer reinforced transversely with steel fibers and cords. Natural rubber, as fabricated in rubber products, combines high strength (tensile and shear) with outstanding resistance to fatigue. Its ability to stick to itself and to other materials makes it simple to
39、fabricate. Rubber has excellent adhesion to brass- plated steel cord, low hysteresis which imparts low heat generation, which in turn maintains new tire service integrity. Thus, tire recycling shall make use of some of these performance attributes. Some promising options for using scrap tires includ
40、e incineration of tires for the production of steam and electricity (Fedroff et al. 1996, Siddique and Naik 2004) and the reuse of ground tire in reproducing plastic products. Scrap tires have been used successfully in cement kilns and for artificial reefs (Fattuhi and Clarck 1996). Nehdi et al. (20
41、05) investigated the possible use of tire rubber in flexible mortars used as a lining material for precast concrete tunnels subjected to pressure from time-dependent rock squeeze. It was shown that deformable tire rubber mortar helped to decrease stresses in the tunnel lining system. Possible use of
42、 such a material in protective lining systems for underground and buried infrastructure opens a new and wide field. Other successful applications of scrap tires include its use in hot mix asphalt, as a highway construction material in pavements, subgrade insulation, lightweight fill material, and dr
43、ainage material in flowable fills and road embankments (Bosscher et al. 1992; Hossain et al. 1995, Fedroff et al. 1996, Zhu and Carlson 1999, Pierce and Blackwell 2002, Frantzis 2003, Nehdi et al. 2005). One of the mature and primary uses of tire rubber is incorporating crumb rubber for modifying as
44、phalt binders in asphalt pavements (Hossain et al. 1995, Navarro et al. 2005). This included the use of tire rubber in pavement crack and joint sealants; binders for chip seals, inter-layers, and hot-mix asphalts; and membranes (Amirkhanian 2001). Similar to conventional asphalt concrete, tire rubbe
45、r modified hot asphalt mixes are widely influenced by thermal changes (McGennis 1995). Very successful applications of scrap tires in hot mix asphalt were reported in many states in the US including Maryland and South Carolina (Amirkhanian 2001). Experiments and field observations showed that the us
46、e of tire rubber particles in hot mix asphalt can enhance the resistance to thermal cracking, rutting, reflective cracking, ageing, and chip retention (Heitzman 1992 and Shuler et al. 1985). While these fields of applications provided successful areas for recycling tire rubber, this total consumptio
47、n of scrap tires with respect to the current volumes of scrap tires is still considerably small. It has become obvious that unless tire rubber can be recycled in a systematic way in applications with large production volumes, the suggested methods will have limited effect in helping to reduce the pr
48、actice of stockpiling scrap tires. The use of ground tire rubber in a variety of rubber products and thermal incineration of waste tires for the production of heat and electricity have also Recycling Tire Rubber in Cement-Based Materials 1.3 been reported (Nehdi et al. 2005). It was also proposed th
49、at the unique properties of tire rubber make it an excellent alternative for applications such as shock absorbers and sound barriers (Topu et al. 1997). Recent work by Ismail and Assem (2016), showed that full-scale reinforced concrete beams incorporating up to 20% crumb rubber replacement of fine aggregate performed favorably with high deformability and very limited reduction in ultimate strength. Since cement-based materials (especially concrete) constitute the largest portion of construction materials worldwide, it has been suggest
