1、Bridge Security Guidelines2011American Association of State Highway and Transportation OfficialsBSG-1.indd 1 8/29/2011 12:45:22 PM 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.ii American Association
2、of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street, NW Suite 249 Washington, DC 20001 202-624-5800 phone/202-624-5806 fax www.transportation.org 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of Am
3、erica. This book or parts thereof may not be reproduced in any form without written permission of the publishers. Cover photos courtesy of the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development Bridge and Structural Design Section. ISBN: 978-1-56051-521-0 Pub Code: BSG-1 2011 by the American Ass
4、ociation of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.BRIDGE SECURITY GUIDELINES iii AASHTO EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 20102011 Officers President: Susan Martinovich, P.E., Nevada Vice President: Kirk T. Steudle, P.E., Michigan Secretary/Tr
5、easurer: Carlos Braceras, Utah Regional Representatives REGION I George N. Campbell, Jr., New Hampshire Beverley K. Swaim-Staley, Maryland REGION II Mike Hancock, Kentucky Robert St. Onge, South Carolina REGION III Thomas K. Sorel, Minnesota Vacant REGION IV Amadeo Saenz, Jr., Texas Francis G. Ziegl
6、er P.E., North Dakota Non-Voting Members Immediate Past President: Vacant Executive Director: John Horsley, AASHTO 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.iv HIGHWAYS SUBCOMMITTEE ON BRIDGES AND
7、STRUCTURES 20102011 MALCOLM T. KERLEY, Chair DAVID P. HOHMANN, Vice Chair M. MYINT LWIN, Federal Highway Administration, Secretary RAJ AILANEY, Federal Highway Administration, Assistant Secretary KEITH M. PLATTE, AASHTO Liaison KELLEY REHM, AASHTO Liaison ALABAMA, John F. “Buddy” Black, Eric J. Chri
8、stie, William “Tim” Colquett ALASKA, Richard A. Pratt ARIZONA, Jean A. Nehme ARKANSAS, Carl Fuselier CALIFORNIA, Barton J. Newton , Susan Hida, Michael Keever COLORADO, Mark A. Leonard, Michael G. Salamon CONNECTICUT, Julie F. Georges DELAWARE, Jiten K. Soneji, Barry A. Benton DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
9、Ronaldo T. “Nick” Nicholson, L. Donald Cooney, Konjit “Connie” Eskender FLORIDA, Sam Fallaha, Dennis Golabek, Jeff Pouliotte GEORGIA, Paul V. Liles, Jr. HAWAII, Paul T. Santo IDAHO, Matthew M. Farrar ILLINOIS, D. Carl Puzey, Tim Armbrecht, Thomas J. Domagalski INDIANA, Anne M. Rearick IOWA, Norman L
10、. McDonald KANSAS, Loren R. Risch, James J. Brennan KENTUCKY, Mark Hite, Marvin Wolfe LOUISIANA, Hossein Ghara, Arthur DAndrea, Paul Fossier MAINE, David B. Sherlock, Jeffrey S. Folsom, Wayne Frankhauser Jr. MARYLAND, Earle S. Freedman, Robert J. Healy, Jeffrey L. Robert MASSACHUSETTS, Alexander K.
11、Bardow, Shoukry Elnahal MICHIGAN, Steven P. Beck, David Juntunen MINNESOTA, Nancy Daubenberger, Kevin Western MISSISSIPPI, Mitchell K. Carr, B. Keith Carr MISSOURI, Dennis Heckman, Michael Harms MONTANA, Kent M. Barnes NEBRASKA, Mark J. Traynowicz, Mark Ahlman, Fouad Jaber NEVADA, Mark P. Elicegui,
12、Todd Stefonowicz NEW HAMPSHIRE, Mark W. Richardson, David L. Scott NEW JERSEY, Vacant NEW MEXICO, Raymond M. Trujillo, Jimmy D. Camp NEW YORK, Arthur P. Yannotti, Wahid Albert, Donald F. Dwyer NORTH CAROLINA, Greg R. Perfetti, Dan Holderman NORTH DAKOTA, Terrence R. Udland OHIO, Timothy J. Keller, J
13、awdat Siddiqi OKLAHOMA, Robert J. Rusch, Gregory D. Allen, John A. Schmiedel OREGON, Bruce V. Johnson, Hormoz Seradj PENNSYLVANIA, Thomas P. Macioce, Lou Ruzzi PUERTO RICO, (Vacant) RHODE ISLAND, David Fish SOUTH CAROLINA, Barry W. Bowers, Jeff Sizemore SOUTH DAKOTA, Kevin Goeden TENNESSEE, Edward P
14、. Wasserman TEXAS, David P. Hohmann, Keith L. Ramsey U.S. DOT, M. Myint Lwin, Raj Ailaney UTAH, Carmen Swanwick VERMONT, Wayne B. Symonds VIRGINIA, Malcolm T. Kerley, Kendal “Ken” Walus, Prasad L. Nallapaneni, Julius F. J. Volgyi, Jr. WASHINGTON, Jugesh Kapur, Tony M. Allen, Bijan Khaleghi WEST VIRG
15、INIA, Gregory Bailey, James D. Shook WISCONSIN, Scot Becker, Beth A. Cannestra, William C. Dreher WYOMING, Keith R. Fulton, Paul G. Cortez, Michael E. Menghini GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE, Kary H. Witt MDTA, Dan Williams N.J. TURNPIKE AUTHORITY, Richard J. Raczynski N.Y. STATE BRIDGE AUTHORITY, William J. Mo
16、reau PENN. TURNPIKE COMMISSION, James L. Stump U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, Phillip W. Sauser, Christopher H. Westbrook U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST SERVICE, Tom Gillins ALBERTA, Lloyd Atkin KOREA, Eui-Joon Lee, Sang-Soon Lee NEWFOUNDLAND, Peter Lester NOVA SCOTIA, M
17、ark Pertus ONTARIO, Bala Tharmabala SASKATCHEWAN, Howard Yea TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD Waseem Dekelbab U.S. COAST GUARD, Hala Elgaaly 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.BRIDGE SECURITY G
18、UIDELINES v FOREWORD The events that unfolded during the September 11 attacks on America prompted bridge engineers to face a new and unusual form of extreme event design. This new and unusual extreme event prompted the engineering community to consider blast-resistant design in bridge analysis. Hist
19、orically designers considered extreme event design to be limited to natural phenomenon such as earthquakes. Until September 11, 2001, rarely in the history of bridge design have engineers entertained designing bridges for an extreme event induced by man. Shortly after September 11, concerns of possi
20、ble attacks on our nations bridges led the United States government to initiate the Blue Ribbon Panel (BRP), a panel of experts comprised of the countrys most accomplished and renowned bridge engineers. This panel, along with the American Association of State Highways and Transportation Officials (A
21、ASHTO) and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), was tasked with examining bridge and tunnel security; developing strategies and practices for deterring, disrupting, and mitigating potential attacks; and providing guidance to highway infrastructure owners and operators. The knowledge and expert
22、ise of the BRP members laid the foundation for the understanding of bridge and tunnel security and are recognized for their significant contribution. Among the many BRP findings and recommendations are that outreach and education are needed to develop greater awareness and professional capacity to a
23、ddress bridge and tunnel security challenges. In their opinion, trained professionals are needed to understand and meet these challenges. As a result of BRPs findings, the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) funded Blast-Resistant Highway Bridges: Design and Detailing Guidelines, h
24、ereafter referred to as NCHRP 12-72. For this project, a research team was tasked to develop, design, and detail guidelines for improving the structural performance and resistance to explosive effects for new and existing bridges. This research was conducted by Eric B. Williamson, Ph.D., Associate P
25、rofessor of Civil Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin. Dr. Williamson also served as the projects principal investigator. In the interim, the AASHTO Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures (SCOBS) formed a new technical committee on bridge and tunnel security called Technical Committee T
26、-1 and was responsible for the review of NCHRP 12-72. By February 2010, NCHRP 12-72 was published as NCHRP Report 645, BlastResistant Highway Bridges: Design and Detailing Guidelines. This document provided scientific experiments, background, and analytical research for bridge engineers looking for
27、design solutions to enhance the structural performance and resistance of concrete bridge columns. Because of the demand on bridge engineers to minimize risk of damage to bridges and human life, AASHTO and FHWA considered the development of an AASHTO guide specification based on NCHRP 12-72 to be of
28、high importance. Naturally, Dr. Williamson was considered to be the most logical source to prepare such document and its first draft was presented to Technical Committee T-1 for review and comments. In Fall 2010, the committee approved this document and placed it on the 2011 SCOBS annual meeting bal
29、lot items for adoption. In May 2011, this agenda item received SCOBSs favorable vote and the document was titled as a guideline rather than a guide specification. How to Use This Guideline This stand-alone document and its content is provided to the designer as a guideline and not design specificati
30、on. Because the subject of blast and bridge security is complex, the research under NCHRP 12-72 was confined to common bridge structures rather than unique bridges. The research focused on columns because they are integral to virtually all bridges regardless of the superstructure type. Additionally,
31、 because the loss of a critical column could compromise the integrity of most bridges, the research team elected to focus its efforts on reinforced concrete columns. Although this document provides the designer with information on the response of concrete bridge columns subjected to blast loads as w
32、ell as blast-resistant design and detailing guidelines and analytical models of blast load distribution, it is not the end-all answer to every question that exists on this subject. In contrast, this guideline document and its research shall be considered as the stepping stone toward the education th
33、is subject truly deserves and shall receive in future years. The content of this guideline should be considered in situations where resisting blast loads are deemed warranted by the owner or designer. In such situations, blast load shall be applied in combination with all other applicable loads and
34、other factors should be considered, such as the possibility of scour as well as intentional vessel collision. Ultimately, mitigation measures may be the most cost-effective and practical means to enhance bridge security against blasts. In some situations, depending on the nature and size of threat,
35、these guidelines can result in outcomes that the owner or designer may consider infeasible and perhaps even unreasonable. Such outcomes may be an indication of severity in design assumptions such as excessive explosives (amount of TNT), inadequate stand-off distance, or both. In such 2011 by the Ame
36、rican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.vi scenarios, owners and designers are encouraged to modify their design assumptions, such as stand-off distance, until they are able to arrive at tolerable design and de
37、tailing solutions. Finally, these guidelines are not intended to be comprehensive; in fact, there are no recommendations in this document to design for a size of explosive or an appropriate stand-off distance. Such parameters are left to the discretion of owners, because they are in the best positio
38、n to evaluate the specifics of a given situation. Article numbering in NCHRP Report 645 was tied to that of AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. Because this report has resulted in a stand-alone publication, it has been renumbered sequentially and article headers have been added in two cases. T
39、able i-1 is included for those who are familiar with the NCHRP report. Appendix numbering has also been added for the users convenience; see the Table of Contents. Table i-1Conversion of NCHRP Article Numbering to Sequential Numbering Old Article Number (Referenced to LRFD) New Article Number 2.7 1
40、2.7.1 1.1 2.7.2 22.7.3 1.32.7.4 4 2 3.4 2.1 3.7.5 2.23.14 33.14.16 2.3.1 3.15 43.15.1 2.4.13.15.2 4.2 3 4.7.6.2 3.14.7.6.3 2 5.10.13 4 5.10.13.1 4.15.10.13.2 2 5.10.13.3 4.35.10.13.4 4 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is
41、a violation of applicable law.BRIDGE SECURITY GUIDELINES vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many individuals as well as organizations have contributed their time, knowledge, and resources to allow for this document to be created. Recognizing every individual who has contributed to a major project such as this ofte
42、n is difficult and even may be impossible because of their many numbers and because their participation is usually in various periods over a long range of time. Despite this fact, this attempt is made to recognize as many individuals as possible. Without them, this knowledge never would have develop
43、ed or would have been made available. Blue Ribbon Panel (BRP) Mr. James E. Roberts, ERP Chair, Consulting Bridge Engineer, Imbsen and Associates, Inc. Dr. John M. Kulicki, BRP Vice Chair, Modjeski and Masters Mr. Dwight Beranek, U.S. Army Corp of Engineers Mr. Joseph M. Englot, Port Authority of New
44、 York and New Jersey Dr. John W. Fisher, Lehigh University Mr. Henry Hungerbeeler, Missouri Department of Transportation and Chair AASHTO Transportation Security Task Force Dr. Jeremy Isenburg, Weidlinger Associates, Inc. Dr. Frieder Seible, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California at
45、San Diego Mr. Kenneth E. Stinson, Peter Kiewit Sons, Inc. Dr. Dan Chung Tang, T.Y. Lin International Mr. Kary Witt, Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District NCHRP 12-72 Panel SCOBS First Technical Committee on Bridge and Tunnel Security, T-1 Special Thanks Ms. Mary Lou Ralls, Principa
46、l, Ralls Newman, LLC Mr. George A. Christian, Former New York State Bridge Engineer Ms. Kelley Rehm, Program Manager for Engineering, AASHTO Mr. Malcolm T. Kerley, Chief Engineer, Virginia Chief Engineer Dr. Waseem Dekelbab, NCHRP Dr. Eric B. Williamson, Principal Investigator; Associate Professor,
47、University of Texas, Austin, Texas Dr. Oguzhan Bayrak, Professor, University of Texas, Austin, Texas Dr. G. Daniel Williams, II, University of Texas, Austin, Texas Ms. Carrie E. Davis, University of Texas, Austin, Texas Mr. Kirk A. Marchand, Managing Principal, Protection Engineering Consultant, Dri
48、pping Springs, Texas Mr. Aldo E. McKay, Project Engineer, Protection Engineering Consultant, Dripping Springs, Texas Dr. John Kulicki, President, Modjeski and Masters, Inc. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania Dr. Wagdy Wassef, Project Manager, Modjeski and Masters, Inc., Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania Mr. Hoss
49、ein Ghara, Chair, Louisiana State Bridge Engineer Mr. Barton Newton, Vice Chair, California State Bridge Engineer Mr. Steve Ernst, FHWA Ms. Sheila R. Duwadi, FHWA Mr. Albert Wahid, New York State Bridge Engineer Mr. Paul V. Liles, Georgia State Bridge Engineer Mr. Kendal “Ken” Walus, Virginia State Bridge Engineer Mr. Dennis Heckman, Missouri State Bridge Engineer Mr. Jugesh Kapur, Washington St. State Bridge Engineer Mr. Kary H. Witt, Golden Gate Bridge 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. D
