1、 2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.ISBN: 978-1-56051-452-7 Publication Code: LRFDCONS-3 . American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street, NW Sui
2、te 249 Washington, DC 20001 202-624-5800 phone/202-624-5806 fax www.transportation.org 2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. 2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportati
3、on Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.iii EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 20092010 Voting Members Officers: President: Larry L. “Butch” Brown, Mississippi Vice President: Susan Martinovich, Nevada Secretary-Treasurer: Carlos Braceras, Utah Regional Representatives: REGIO
4、N I: Joseph Marie, Connecticut, One-Year Term Gabe Klein, District of Columbia, Two-Year Term REGION II: Dan Flower, Arkansas, One-Year Term Mike Hancock, Kentucky, Two-Year Term REGION III: Nancy J. Richardson, One-Year Term Thomas K. Sorel, Minnesota, Two-Year Term REGION IV: Paula Hammond, Washin
5、gton, One-Year Term Amadeo Saenz, Jr. Texas, Two-Year Term Nonvoting Members Immediate Past President: Allen Biehler, Pennsylvania AASHTO Executive Director: John Horsley, Washington, DC 2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication i
6、s a violation of applicable law.iv HIGHWAY SUBCOMMITTEE ON BRIDGES AND STRUCTURES 2009 MALCOLM T. KERLEY, Chair KEVIN THOMPSON, Vice Chair M. MYINT LWIN, Federal Highway Administration, Secretary RAJ AILANEY, Federal Highway Administration, Assistant Secretary KEN KOBETSKY, AASHTO Liaison KELLEY REH
7、M, AASHTO Liaison ALABAMA, John F. “Buddy” Black, William “Tim” Colquett, George H. Conner ALASKA, Richard A. Pratt ARIZONA, Jean A. Nehme ARKANSAS, Phil Brand CALIFORNIA, Kevin Thompson, Susan Hida, Barton J. Newton COLORADO, Mark A. Leonard, Michael G. Salamon CONNECTICUT, Julie F. Georges DELAWAR
8、E, Jiten K. Soneji, Barry A. Benton DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, Nicolas Galdos, L. Donald Cooney, Konjit “Connie” Eskender FLORIDA, Marcus Ansley, Sam Fallaha, Jeff Pouliotte GEORGIA, Paul V. Liles, Jr. HAWAII, Paul T. Santo IDAHO, Matthew M. Farrar ILLINOIS, Ralph E. Anderson, Thomas J. Domagalski INDIAN
9、A, Anne M. Rearick IOWA, Norman L. McDonald KANSAS, Kenneth F. Hurst, James J. Brennan, Loren R. Risch KENTUCKY, Mark Hite LOUISIANA, Hossein Ghara, Arthur DAndrea, Paul Fossier MAINE, David B. Sherlock, Jeffrey S. Folsom MARYLAND, Earle S. Freedman, Robert J. Healy MASSACHUSETTS, Alexander K. Bardo
10、w, Shirley Eslinger MICHIGAN, Steven P. Beck, David Juntunen MINNESOTA, Daniel L. Dorgan, Kevin Western MISSISSIPPI, Mitchell K. Carr, B. Keith Carr MISSOURI, Dennis Heckman, Michael Harms MONTANA, Kent M. Barnes NEBRASKA, Mark J. Traynowicz, Mark Ahlman, Fouad Jaber NEVADA, Mark P. Elicegui, Todd S
11、tefonowicz NEW HAMPSHIRE, Mark W. Richardson, David L. Scott NEW JERSEY, Richard W. Dunne NEW MEXICO, Raymond M. Trujillo, Jimmy D. Camp NEW YORK, George A. Christian, Donald F. Dwyer, Arthur P. Yannotti NORTH CAROLINA, Greg R. Perfetti NORTH DAKOTA, Terrence R. Udland OHIO, Timothy J. Keller, Jawda
12、t Siddiqi OKLAHOMA, Robert J. Rusch, Gregory D. Allen, John A. Schmiedel OREGON, Bruce V. Johnson, Hormoz Seradj PENNSYLVANIA, Thomas P. Macioce, Harold C. “Hal” Rogers, Jr., Lou Ruzzi PUERTO RICO, (Vacant) RHODE ISLAND, David Fish SOUTH CAROLINA, Barry W. Bowers, Jeff Sizemore SOUTH DAKOTA, Kevin G
13、oeden TENNESSEE, Edward P. Wasserman TEXAS, David P. Hohmann, Keith L. Ramsey U.S. DOT, M. Myint Lwin, Firas I. Sheikh Ibrahim UTAH, (Vacant) VERMONT, Wayne B. Symonds VIRGINIA, Malcolm T. Kerley, Kendal Walus, Prasad L. Nallapaneni, Julius F. J. Volgyi, Jr. WASHINGTON, Jugesh Kapur, Tony M. Allen,
14、Bijan Khaleghi WEST VIRGINIA, Gregory Bailey, James D. Shook WISCONSIN, Scot Becker, Beth A. Cannestra, William Dreher WYOMING, Gregg C. Fredrick, Keith R. Fulton GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE, Kary H. Witt N.J. TURNPIKE AUTHORITY, Richard J. Raczynski N.Y. STATE BRIDGE AUTHORITY, William J. Moreau PENN. TURNP
15、IKE COMMISSION, James L. Stump U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERSDEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, Christopher H. Westbrook U.S. COAST GUARD, Hala Elgaaly U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREFOREST SERVICE, John R. Kattell, Scott F. Mitchell ALBERTA, Tom Loo NEW BRUNSWICK, Doug Noble NOVA SCOTIA, Mark Pertus ONTARIO, Bal
16、a Tharmabala SASKATCHEWAN, Howard Yea TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARDWaseem Dekelbab 2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.v ABBREVIATED TABLE OF CONTENTS The AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Spec
17、ifications, Third Edition, contains the following 32 sections: 1. Structure Excavation and Backfill 2. Removal of Existing Structures 3. Temporary Works 4. Driven Foundation Piles 5. Drilled Shafts 6. Ground Anchors 7. Earth-Retaining Systems 8. Concrete Structures 9. Reinforcing Steel 10. Prestress
18、ing 11. Steel Structures 12. Steel Grid Flooring 13. Painting 14. Stone Masonry 15. Concrete Block and Brick Masonry 16. Timber Structures 17. Preservative Treatment of Wood 18. Bearing Devices 19. Bridge Deck Joint Seals 20. Railings 21. Waterproofing 22. Slope Protection 23. Miscellaneous Metal 24
19、. Pneumatically Applied Mortar 25. Steel and Concrete Tunnel Liners 26. Metal Culverts 27. Concrete Culverts 28. Wearing Surfaces 29. Embedment Anchors 30. Thermoplastic Pipe 31. Aluminum Structures 32. Shock Transmission Units 2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Off
20、icials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. 2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.vii FOREWORD The first broadly recognized national standard to design and constru
21、ct bridges in the United States was published in 1931 by the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO), the predecessor to AASHTO. With the advent of the automobile and the establishment of highway departments in all of the American states dating back to just before the turn of the cen
22、tury, the design, construction, and maintenance of most U.S. bridges was the responsibility of these departments and, more specifically, the chief bridge engineer within each department. It was natural, therefore, that these engineers, acting collectively as the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Bridg
23、es and Structures, would become the author and guardian of this first bridge standard. This first publication was entitled Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges and Incidental Structures. It quickly became the de facto national standard and, as such, was adopted and used by not only the state
24、highway departments but also other bridge-owning authorities and agencies in the United States and abroad. The title was soon revised to Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges and new editions were released about every four years. AASHTO released the 17th and final edition in 2002. The body of
25、knowledge related to the design of highway bridges has grown enormously since 1931 and continues to do so. Theory and practice have evolved greatly, reflecting advances through research in understanding the properties of materials, in improved materials, in more rational and accurate analysis of str
26、uctural behavior, in the advent of computers and rapidly advancing computer technology, in the study of external events representing particular hazards to bridges such as seismic events and stream scour, and in many other areas. The pace of advances in these areas has accelerated in recent years. To
27、 accommodate this growth in bridge engineering knowledge, the Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures has been granted authority under AASHTOs governing documents to approve and issue Bridge Interims each year, not only with respect to the Standard Specifications but also to enhance the twenty-odd ad
28、ditional publications on bridges and structures engineering that are under its stewardship. In 1986, the Subcommittee submitted a request to the AASHTO Standing Committee on Research to assess U.S. bridge design specifications, to review foreign design specifications and codes, to consider design ph
29、ilosophies alternative to those underlying the Standard Specifications, and to render recommendations based on these investigations. This work was accomplished under the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP), an applied research program directed by the AASHTO Standing Committee on Re
30、search and administered on behalf of AASHTO by the Transportation Research Board (TRB). The work was completed in 1987, and, as might be expected with continuing research, the Standard Specifications were found to have discernible gaps, inconsistencies, and even some conflicts. Beyond this, the spec
31、ification did not reflect or incorporate the most recently developing design philosophy, load-and-resistance factor design (LRFD), a philosophy which has been gaining ground in other areas of structural engineering and in other parts of the world such as Canada and Europe. From its inception until t
32、he early 1970s, the sole design philosophy embedded within the Standard Specifications was one known as working stress design (WSD). WSD establishes allowable stresses as a fraction or percentage of a given materials load-carrying capacity, and requires that calculated design stresses not exceed tho
33、se allowable stresses. Beginning in the early 1970s, WSD was adjusted to reflect the variable predictability of certain load types, such as vehicular loads and wind forces, through adjusting design factors, a design philosophy referred to as load factor design (LFD). Both WSD and LFD are reflected i
34、n the current edition of the Standard Specifications. A further philosophical extension considers the variability in the properties of structural elements, in similar fashion to load variabilities. While considered to a limited extent in LFD, the design philosophy of LRFD takes variability in the be
35、havior of structural elements into account in an explicit manner. LRFD relies on extensive use of statistical methods, but sets forth the results in a manner readily usable by bridge designers and analysts. With the advent of these specifications, bridge engineers had a choice of two standards to gu
36、ide their designs, the long-standing AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, and the alternative, newly adopted AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, and its companions, AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications and AASHTO LRFD Movable Highway Bridge Design Specifications. Subse
37、quently, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the states mandated that LRFD standards be used to design all new and total replacement bridges after 2007. For more information on FHWAs LRFD policy, please visit http:/www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/lrfd/index.htm. A new edition of these specificatio
38、ns will be published every two years, followed by an interim edition the immediate year after its release. The Interim Specifications have the same status as AASHTO standards, but are tentative revisions approved by at least two-thirds of the Subcommittee. These revisions are voted on by the AASHTO
39、member departments prior to the publication of each new edition of this book and, if approved by at least two-thirds of the members, they are 2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.viii included
40、 in the next new edition as standards of the Association. AASHTO members are the 50 State Highway or Transportation Departments, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. Each member has one vote. The U.S. Department of Transportation is a nonvoting member. Annual Interim Specifications are general
41、ly used by the States after their adoption by the Subcommittee. Orders for these annual Interim Specifications may be placed by visiting our website, bookstore.transportation.org, or by calling 1-800-231-3475 (toll free within the U.S. and Canada). A free copy of the current publication catalog can
42、be downloaded from our website or requested from the Publications Sales Office. The Subcommittee would also like to thank Mr. John M. Kulicki, Ph.D., and his associates at Modjeski and Masters for their valuable assistance in the preparation of the LRFD Specifications. AASHTO encourages suggestions
43、to improve these specifications. They should be sent to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures, AASHTO, 444 North Capitol Street, N.W., Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001. Inquiries as to intent or application of the specifications should be sent to the same address. AASHTO Highways Subco
44、mmittee on Bridges and Structures February 2010 2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.ix PREFACE Units The AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications, Third Edition, uses U.S. Customary uni
45、ts only. Per a decision by the subcommittee in 2009, SI units will no longer be included in this edition or future interims. References If a standard is available as a stand-alone publicationfor example, the ACI standardsthe title is italicized in the text and listed in the references. If a standard
46、 is available as part of a larger publicationfor example, the AASHTO materials specificationsthe standards title is not italicized and the larger publicationin this case, Standard Specifications for Transportation Materials and Methods of Sampling and Testing, 29th Editionis listed in the references
47、. Unit Abbreviations Most of the abbreviations commonly used in LRFD Construction are listed below. Also, please note the following: Abbreviations for singular and plural are the same. Most units of time have one-letter abbreviations. Unit abbreviations are always set in roman type, while variables
48、and factors are set in italic type. Thus, “2 h” is the abbreviation for “two hours.” Table iFrequently-Used Unit Abbreviations Unit Abbreviation cubic foot ft3cubic inch in.3cubic yard yd3degrees Fahrenheit F foot ft foot-kip ft-kipfoot per hour ft/h foot per minute ft/min foot per second ft/s foot
49、pound ft lb foot pound-force ft lbf foot second ft s gallon gal hour h Hertz Hzinch in. joule J kilonewton kN kilopascal kPakip per foot kip/ft kip per square inch ksi kip per square foot kip/ft2megapascal MPa microinch in micron m mile miminute min (min. for “minimum”) 2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.x Table i (continued)Frequently-Used Unit Abbreviations Unit Abbreviation newton Nnewton meter N m newton per meter N/m ounce ozpasc
